Table 1.
Changes in Expression of Inflammation-Related Genes with Age in Mice
| Gene name | Symbol | Fold Change (old/young) |
P value | Role in inflammation | Reference | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A–Inflammatory cytokines | ||||||
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
TNFα | 6.39 | 0.0118 | Major proinflammatory cytokine involved in induction of fever, inflammatory genes, and IL-6 and IL-1 cascade. |
17, 18 | Macrophages, mast cells, NK cells, B cells, T cells, fibroblasts, dendritic cells |
| Interleukin-6 | IL-6 | 2.51 | 0.0904 | Proinflammatory cytokine induces acute-phase response in liver, differentiation of B cells into Ig-secreting cells, activation and induction of IL-2 in T-cells. |
18, 19 | Monocytes, macrophages, Th2 cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, dendritic cells |
| Interleukin-1 beta | L-β | 1.92 | 0.3077 | Proinflammatory cytokine. Causes fever induction, leads to prostaglandin synthesis and induction of inflammatory genes. |
18, 20 | Monocytes, macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells |
| Interferon gamma | FNγ | 2.72 | 0.0008 | Proinflammatory cytokine, activates macrophages and neutrophils, induces NOS and MMP production, chemokine production and cases lymphocytic tissue infiltration. |
21 | Th1 cells, Tc cells, NK cells, macrophages |
| Transforming growth factor beta |
TGFβ | 1.55 | 0.0166 | Anti-inflammatory cytokine induces tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, inhibits nitric oxide and superoxide production, and induces interleukin-1 receptor antagonist expression. |
15 | T cells, monocytes |
| Interleukin-2 | IL-2 | 2.74 | 0.2080 | T-cell proliferation, regulation of immune response. B-cell, monocyte, NK cell activation. |
22 | Th1 cells |
| Interleukin-10 | IL-10 | 4.31 | 0.0072 | Anti-inflammatory action. Inhibits synthesis of several cytokines, including IFNγ, IL-2, IL-3, and TNF |
22 | Th2 and Th0 T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes |
| B—Inflammation-induced genes | ||||||
| Haptoglobin | Hp | 3.02 | 0.0075 | Inflammation-inducible acute-phase protein. Binds hemoglobin and helps to prevent iron loss and protects kidney from damage. |
23 | Hepatocytes |
| Fibrinogen | Fba | 1.49 | 0.1631 | Inflammation-inducible acute-phase protein. Involved in blood clot formation and wound healing. |
23 | Hepatocytes |
| Lipopolysaccharide- binding protein |
Lbp | 2.67 | 0.0012 | Inflammation-inducible acute-phase protein. Binds to bacterial LPS and facilitates antigen presentation and immune activation. |
24 | Hepatocytes |
| Serum amyloid A1 | Saa1 | 7.05 | 0.0339 | Inflammation-inducible acute-phase protein. An apolipoprotein of the HDL complex. |
23 | Hepatocytes |
| Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
Icam1 | 3.03 | 0.0009 | Involved in leukocyte recruitment into tissue and inhibition of IL-4 production by naive T-cells. |
25 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes |
| Promyelocytic leukemia |
Pml | 2.08 | 0.0006 | Transcriptional regulation and scaffolding. Nuclear levels are up-regulated during inflammation. |
26 | Various cell types |
| C—Chemokines | ||||||
| Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 |
CXCL10/IP-10 | 3.74 | 0.0602 | FN-γ-inducible proinflammatory chemokine Chemotactic for CD4+ve T cells and monocytes. |
27 | Neutrophils monocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, endothelial cells |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha |
CCL3/MIP1α | 11.54 | 0.0135 | Involved in acute inflammation by recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. |
27 | T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells |
| Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 |
CXCL1/Gro1 | 1.31 | 0.79208 | Chemotactic activity for neutrophils and their activation by stimulating exocytosis and the respiratory burst. |
28 | Monocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial cells |
| Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 |
CCL5/RANTES | 13.97 | 0.0043 | Chemoattractant for monocytes, memory T-helper cells, and eosinophils. Causes the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. |
27 | T cells, platelets |
The table shows fold changes in the expression of mRNA of genes involved in the inflammatory process in the liver. Gene expression was assessed using real-time PCR with cDNA from total liver mRNA of 3-month-old and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice (n = 5). To determine the significance confidence limit, the t test of sample groups was carried out.