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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 26.
Published in final edited form as: Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2009 Mar 31;9(1):30–38. doi: 10.1007/s12012-009-9034-6

Figure. 4.

Figure. 4

Effects of MDMA and its metabolites on ALVM contractility and intracellular Ca2+ handling during stimulated (1 Hz) contraction of Fura-2 AM loaded ALVM. A: Sarcomeric length shortening (SL shortening %). B: Amplitude of Ca2+ transient. C: Maximum velocity of shortening (–dl/dt). D: Maximum velocity of Ca2+ release as measured by departure velocity. E: Maximum velocity of relengthening (dl/dt). F: Maximum velocity of intracellular Ca2+ reuptake as measured by return velocity. ALVM exposed to MDMA (0.4 mM), α-MeDA (0.4 mM), α-MeDA+NAC (0.4mM +1mM), GSH-α-MeDA (0.4 mM), GSH-α-MeDA+NAC (0.4mM +1mM), N-Me-α-MeDA (0.4 mM), or N-Me-α-MeDA+NAC (0.4mM +1mM) for 4 hrs. *p<0.05, ***p<0.0005 versus control. # p<0.05 versus treatment.