Table III.

Selected studies of persons exposed occupationally to protracted low-LET external ionizing radiation. Estimates based on A-bomb survivors shown for comparison.

Description of study	Mean dose	Health endpoints studied	ERR Gy−1 (or Sv−1) for leukemia excluding CLL (90% CI)	ERR Gy−1 (or Sv−1) for all cancers excluding leukemia (90% CI)	References
Nuclear workers in 15 countries	19.4 mSv	Cause-specific mortality	1.9 (<0, 7.1) 196 deaths	0.97 (0.27, 1.80) 5024 deathsa	Cardis et al. 2007
Nuclear workers enrolled in the United Kingdom National Registry for Radiation Workers (NRRW)	24.9 mSv	Cause-specific mortality and cancer incidence	1.7 (0.06, 4.3) 198 deaths	0.28 (0.02, 0.56) 7455 deaths	Muirhead et al. 2009
Chornobyl liquidators in Ukraine	76.4 mGy	Leukemia incidence	3.4a (0.5, 9.8) 71 cases	Not applicable	Romanenko et al. 2008
Chornobyl liquidators in Belarus, Russian Federation, and Baltic countries	13 mGy (median)	Leukemia incidence	4.8a (−0.2, 0.24) 40 cases	Not applicable	Kesminiene et al. 2008
Workers at the Mayak nuclear facility in the Russian Federation	∼500 mGy	Cause-specific mortality	Significant dose-response (p < 0.001) 49 deaths	Significant dose-response (p < 0.001) 1062 deaths from solid cancers other than lung, liver, and bone.	Shilnikova et al. 2003
Male A-bomb survivors exposed between the ages of 20 and 60 years		Cause-specific mortality	1.5 (−0.8,4.6) 83 deaths	0.32c (0.07,0.47) 3259 deaths	Cardis et al. 2007

Dose units are those used in the respective papers. The two Chornobyl studies are case-control studies; the remainder are cohort studies.

^aEstimates are for all leukaemia, including CLL.

^bEstimate is based on a linear-quadratic model. Estimate based on a linear model is 3.15 (1.8,5.2)