Table 1.

Factors associated with alcohol use initiation, exposure to traumatic events, and PTSD (n = 1,119)

	Alcohol use by follow-up		Exposure to trauma and PTSD Symptoms at baseline Exposed to traumatic event(s)
Independent variables (baseline)	No use (n = 854)	Use (n = 265)	No traumatic event (n = 960)	<5 PTSD symptoms (n = 82)	≥5 PTSD symptoms (n = 77)
Age, in years, M (SE)	11.3(0.05)**	12.2 (0.08)***	11.5 (0.05)	11.6 (0.16)	11.9 (0.15)*
Female, %	49.9	49.4	49.3	51.2	52.9
Parental education, %
<High school	29.7	23.3	28.2	36.1	22.2
High school	49.7	49.7	49.3	46.5	58.6
≥College	20.6	27.0	22.5	17.4	21.2
Single-parent family, %	45.2	46.2	43.1	54.1	59.6*
Parental emotional problems, %	35.0	42.6§	36.2	32.3	57.0*
Parental substance-use problems, %	12.8	19.7§	13.9	13.4	19.9
Probable parental ASPD, %	13.0	23.4*	14.7	13.6	23.5
Parental monitoring, M (SE)	13.6(0.12)	12.5 (0.26)***	13.5 (0.14)	12.9 (0.36)	12.4 (0.43)§
Maternal warmth and supportiveness, M(SE)	2.4 (0.02)	2.3 (0.04)*	2.4 (0.02)	2.3 (0.06)	2.2 (0.04)
Parental discipline, M (SE)	0.4 (0.03)	0.6 (0.05)**	0.5 (0.03)	0.5 (0.06)	0.5 (0.07)
Child sensation seeking, M (SE)	3.5(0.11)	4.9 (0.20)***	3.8 (0.11)	3.6 (0.30)	4.3 (0.31)
Child antisocial behavior, M (SE)	1.2(0.06)	2.1 (0.13)***	1.4 (0.06)	1.6 (0.19)	2.1 (0.21)**
Child church attendance, %
Never	13.4	14.3	14.7	9.1	7.1
Irregular	37.7	38.1	37.6	42.1	35.5
Regular	48.8	47.6	47.7	48.8	57.4

Notes: PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder.

^§p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.