Figure 1. Distance moved and latency of response of elephants to sound and rumble playbacks.

Mean (±1 SEM) of distance moved (a) and latency of response (b) of elephant families responding to bee sound (n = 15) and white noise (n = 13) playback trials. Elephants responding to bee sound playbacks moved on average over twice the distance of elephants responding to white noise playbacks (a) and were faster (b). For bee rumble playbacks (n = 10) elephant families moved away further (c) and faster (d) than elephant families responding to white noise or control rumble playbacks. Although rumble playbacks showed a more muted response than sound playback trials the directional pattern of behaviors were similar when comparing across experimental stimuli (a–d).