Figure 2. Headshaking and dusting behaviour of elephants responding to sound and rumble playbacks.

Mean (±1 SEM) of headshaking (a) and dusting (b) rates per minute of elephant families responding to bee sound (n = 15) and white noise (n = 13) playback trials. Elephants responding to bee sound playbacks showed increased headshaking (a) and dusting (b) during the trials compared to those responding to white noise or control rumble playbacks. For bee rumble playbacks (n = 10) elephant families showed similar and significant patterns of increasing headshaking behavior (c) but dusting was random across trials (d).