Table 1.
Stimuli and transcription factors that induce PUMA-dependent apoptosis
| Stimuli | Transcription modulators | In vitro system | In vivo system | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genotoxic drugs | p53, p73, c-Myc, E2F1 | Cancer, neuronal and renal cells | Neuron | Wong et al., 2005; Akhtar et al., 2006; Wyttenbach and Tolkovsky, 2006; Wang et al., 2007a; Tsuruya et al., 2008 |
| Proteasome inhibitors | p53 | Cancer cells | Concannon et al., 2007; Ding et al., 2007 | |
| γ- and UV irradiation | p53 | Cancer, fibroblast and hematopoietic cells | Hematopoietic system, small intestine and neuron | Jeffers et al., 2003; Villunger et al., 2003; Chipuk et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007a, b; Qiu et al., 2008; Sidi et al., 2008 |
| Oncogenes | c-Myc, Eμ-Myc, E2F1 | Cancer and hematopoietic cells | Jeffers et al., 2003; Hershko and Ginsberg, 2004; Hao et al., 2007 | |
| Polyploidy | p53 | Cancer cells | Le et al., 2005; Castedo et al., 2006 | |
| Viral infection | p53, miRNA | Cancer cells | Perfettini et al., 2004; Choy et al., 2008 | |
| Hypoxia and oxidative stress | p53 | Cancer and neuronal cells | Yu et al., 2003b; Steckley et al., 2007 | |
| ER stress | CHOP, E2F1, p53 | Cancer, fibroblast, cardiomyocyte and neuronal cells | Neuron | Reimertz et al., 2003; Futami et al., 2005; Luo et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006; Kieran et al., 2007; Nickson et al., 2007; Zou et al., 2009 |
| Kinase inhibition | p53-independent | Cancer cells | Wang et al., 2007a, b | |
| Cytokine, growth factor and nutrient deprivation | FoxO3a, p73 | Hematopoietic and cancer cells | Jeffers et al., 2003; Ekert et al., 2006; Ekoff et al., 2007; Ming et al., 2008 | |
| Ischemia/reperfusion | p53-independent | Small intestine and heart | Toth et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2007 | |
| Termination of immune response | Unknown | T cells | Bauer et al., 2006; Chang et al., 2007; Cumont et al., 2007; Fischer et al., 2008 | |
| Glucocorticoids | p53-independent | Hematopoietic and neuronal cells | Hematopoietic system | Jeffers et al., 2003; Villunger et al., 2003; Erlacher et al., 2005; Noguchi et al., 2008 |
| Homeostasis | Unknown | Hematopoietic system | Erlacher et al., 2006 |
Abbreviations: CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein; FoxO3a, forkhead box O3A.