Table 1.

Epigenetic changes in transcription factors and enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis.

Gene	Evidence	Reference
NR5A1 SF-1	Restoration of SF-1 expression in endometrial tissue is associated with SF-1 promoter hypomethylation	(51)
	The HDAC inhibitor valproate decreases SF-1 and Cyp11a1 levels by an indirect mechanism in Y1 and H295 cell lines	(52)
Star	Decrease in tri-methyl histone H3 (K4) and di-methyl histone H3 (K9) and an increase in acetyl histone H3 within the fist 30 mins post 8-Br-cAMP stimulation of MA-10 cells.	(53, 54)
Cyp17	CpG demethylation in primary bovine adrenal cell lines	(59, 60)
	Rodents treated with 5-aza-dC express Cyp17 in adrenals and produce cortisol	(55)
Cyp19	Hypermethylation in bovine granulose cells and hypomethylation in corpora lutea at PI.1/PII	(64)
	Demethylation of the CRE element at -211/-199 confers camp responsiveness to human skin fibroblast at PI.3/II	(65)
	Methylation of CpGs in P1.5/2 of sheep placentomes correlates with aromatase expression but is not the only mechanism of regulation	(68, 69)
Nr3c1 GR	Offspring exposed to high LG-ABN exhibit demethylation at exon 17, while those exposed to low LG-ABN exhibit methylation in this region	(81)
	Victims of child abuse exhibit hypermethylation of GR1F and low GR expression in the hippocampus	(83)
Nr3c2 MR	A differentially methylated area in the MR promoter is associated with decreased MR expression in the testis after in utero DEHP exposure	(90)
Nr3a1 ERα	Differential methylation in the ERα1b promoter is correlated with ERα expression in the adult brain	(100)
	ERα promoter methylation is correlated with the loss of Erα expression in human breast cancer	(103, 104)
	5-aza and 5-aza-dC treatment of the ERα-negative cell line, MD-MB-231, results in ERα re-expression	(105)
	TSA treatment of the MD-MB-231 cell line induces ERα re-expression	(106)
Nr3a2 ERβ	Fetal and perinatal exposure to methoxychlor hypermethylates the ERβ promoter and decreases ERβ expression in the ovary at PND50-60	(108)
	TSA treatment of the ERβ-negative cell lines LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3 induces ERβ expression	(112)
NR3C4 AR	5-aza treatment induces re-expression of AR in the AR-negative cell lines Du145, DuPro, TSU-PR1, and PPC1	(113)
	Rat invasive adenocarcinomas contain hypermethylation and lose AR expression	(114)
	20% of human primary cancer cell lines and 28% of hormone-refractory prostate cancers contain hypermethylation	(115)