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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 28.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Transl Med. 2010 Feb 3;2(17):17ra10. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000116

Figure 7. Selective CD28 inhibition prolongs cardiac allograft survival and prevents cardiac allograft vasculopathy in macaques.

Figure 7

(A) Cardiac allograft survival for monkeys without therapy (n=5) or treated with sc28AT monotherapy at 2 mg/kg/day (n=3) or 10 mg/kg/day (n=3), Cyclosporine A monotherapy (n=6), Cyclosporine A + sc28AT at 0.4 mg/kg bitherapy (n=2) or Cyclosporine A + sc28AT at 2mg/kg bitherapy (n=3). *, P<0.05 and ***, P<0.001 (indicated group versus control untreated recipients). (B) A representative vessel from a cardiac allograft treated with Cyclosporine A (day 72, left panel) shows grade 2 cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) with distinct neointimal thickening and 10–50% (estimated at 25% in this instance) luminal narrowing. In contrast, a representative graft artery from a recipient treated with sc28AT + Cyclosporine A shows an absence of neointimal proliferation (day 80, lower panel). (C) CAV incidence and severity at day 70–90, graded as described in Methods, were significantly lower (P<0.05) in CD28 blockade plus Cyclosporine A combination therapy (n=4) as compared with Cyclosporine A alone (n=5).