Table 2.
Association between Frailty Indexes and Risk of Adverse Outcomes*
| Index of Frailty | Recurrent Falls† |
|
|---|---|---|
| No. with ≥2 falls (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| CHS | ||
| Robust (n=1006) | 86 (9) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1680) | 233 (14) | 1.62 (1.24–2.11) |
| Frail (n=432) | 122 (28) | 3.56 (2.58–4.93) |
| SOF | ||
| Robust (n=1378) | 133 (10) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1329) | 197 (15) | 1.56 (1.23–1.97) |
| Frail (n=411) | 111 (27) | 3.03 (2.27–4.05) |
| Disability‡ |
||
|---|---|---|
| No. with ≥1 new IADL impairment (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| CHS | ||
| Robust (n=968) | 49 (5) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1562) | 198 (13) | 2.61 (1.89–3.62) |
| Frail (n=361) | 112 (31) | 7.52 (5.14–11.02) |
| SOF | ||
| Robust (n=1314) | 82 (6) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1230) | 179 (15) | 2.47 (1.87–3.25) |
| Frail (n=347) | 98 (28) | 5.28 (3.80–7.33) |
| Nonspine Fracture§ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| No. with ≥ 1 fracture (%) | Age-adjusted rate per 1000 person-years | Hazard Ratio (95% CI)† | |
| CHS | |||
| Robust (n=1005) | 36 (4) | 12.4 | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1674) | 90 (5) | 19.2 | 1.39 (0.94–2.06) |
| Frail (n=431) | 43 (10) | 31.7 | 2.30 (1.43–3.71) |
| SOF | |||
| Robust (n=1373) | 56 (4) | 14.5 | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1327) | 73 (6) | 17.9 | 1.30 (0.91–1.84) |
| Frail (n=410) | 40 (10) | 33.1 | 2.15 (1.41–3.26) |
| Mortality∥ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of deaths (%) | Age-adjusted rate per 1000 person-years | Hazard Ratio (95% CI)† | |
| CHS | |||
| Robust (n=1001) | 29 (3) | 10.4 | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1674) | 104 (6) | 21.0 | 1.77 (1.17–2.68) |
| Frail (n=429) | 71 (17) | 40.0 | 3.51 (2.21–5.57) |
| SOF | |||
| Robust (n=1368) | 59 (4) | 14.8 | 1.0 (referent) |
| Intermediate (n=1324) | 84 (6) | 19.6 | 1.31 (0.94–1.83) |
| Frail (n=412) | 61 (15) | 37.8 | 2.53 (1.75–3.66) |
Adjusted for age
Note: Among the 3132 men with data for both frailty indices
14 who did not provide fall information at follow-up contacts during the subsequent year were excluded from this analysis
241 who did not provide IADL information at 1.2 years of follow-up were excluded from this analysis, including 56 men who had died (n=52) or terminated study participation (n=4) in the interim period, 173 who did not provide IADL data at the follow-up exam, and 12 who were unable to attend the follow-up exam
22 men with incident clinical vertebral fracture were excluded from this analysis
28 men whose reported deaths were in the adjudication process were excluded from this analysis
Abbreviations: CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; SOF, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures; No., number; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living