Table 2.

Association of Risk of Having Offspring with NTDs with Maternal Race-Ethnicity and Language Preference Subgroups

	No. subjects				Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
Maternal race-ethnicity and language preference*	NTDs	Anencephaly	Spina bifida	Controls	NTDs	Anencephaly	Spina bifida
Foreign-born Hispanic, Spanish preference	138	60	78	185	2.2 (1.3, 3.7)	1.7 (0.9, 3.4)	2.7 (1.3, 5.5)
Foreign-born Hispanic, English preference	24	6	18	50	1.4 (0.7, 2.8)	0.6 (0.2, 1.8)	2.3 (1.0, 5.4)
US-born Hispanic, Spanish preference	22	12	10	64	Reference	Reference	Reference
US-born Hispanic, English preference	36	16	20	68	1.5 (0.8, 2.9)	1.3 (0.6, 2.9)	1.9 (0.8, 4.3)
Non-Hispanic White	71	27	44	109	1.9 (1.1, 3.3)	1.3 (0.6, 2.8)	2.6 (1.2, 5.5)

^*Language preference was defined as follows, based on responses to the question: “In general, what language do you read and speak?” Foreign-born women who responded “only Spanish” or “Spanish more than English” were designated as preferring Spanish; US-born women who responded “only English” or “English more than Spanish” were designated as preferring English.