Table 4.

Association of Risk of Having Offspring with NTDs with Maternal Race-Ethnicity and Language Preference Subgroups, Adjusted for NTD Risk Factors

	No. subjects				Adjusted OR (95% CI)*
Maternal race-ethnicity and language preference†	NTDs	Anencephaly	Spina bifida	Controls‡	NTDs	Anencephaly	Spina bifida
Foreign-born Hispanic, Spanish preference	105	60	58	185 (150)	1.8 (1.0, 3.2)	1.5 (0.7, 3.0)	2.2 (1.1, 4.7)
Foreign-born Hispanic, English preference	23	6	18	50 (47)	1.4 (0.7, 2.8)	0.7 (0.2, 2.0)	2.4 (1.0, 5.7)
US-born Hispanic, Spanish preference	22	12	10	64 (62)	Reference	Reference	Reference
US-born Hispanic, English preference	36	16	20	68 (68)	1.5 (0.8, 2.9)	1.3 (0.5, 2.9)	1.9 (0.8, 4.5)
Non-Hispanic White	69	27	42	109 (109)	2.6 (1.4, 4.7)	1.9 (0.9, 4.2)	3.6 (1.6, 8.0)

^*A11 models are adjusted for intake of folic acid supplements, smoking, and stressful life events; in addition, results for NTDs and spina bifida are adjusted for body mass index, and results for anencephaly are adjusted for food insecurity.

^†Language preference was defined as follows, based on responses to the question: “In general, what language do you read and speak?” Foreign-born women who responded “only Spanish” or “Spanish more than English” were designated as preferring Spanish; US-born women who responded “only English” or “English more than Spanish” were designated as preferring English.

^‡Number of controls for models for anencephaly are shown first; numbers for models for spina bifida are in parentheses; numbers are different because the set of covariates was different.