Table 1.

Select Maternal Characteristics (Percent) for Cases and Controls

	Conotruncal heart defect (n=323)	Neural tube defects (n=337)	CP (n=199)	CLP (n=502)	Controls (n=700)
Maternal age (years)
<20	6.8	10.1	4.0	10.8	12.6
20–24	21.1	21.7	18.6	25.0	22.8
25–29	25.5	24.3	27.1	25.4	23.1
30–34	27.3	28.8	32.7	22.8	25.8
35–39	14.0	12.8	14.6	11.8	12.3
≥39	5.3	2.4	3.0	4.4	3.3
Maternal race/ethnicity
US-born hispanic	16.7	17.3	19.2	15.7	22.5
Foreign-born hispanic	36.5	49.0	34.3	44.7	38.3
White	28.3	22.4	25.8	20.5	20.9
Black	5.0	3.6	6.6	3.2	7.8
Asian	10.7	5.4	13.6	13.5	9.1
Other	2.8	2.4	0.5	2.4	1.5
Maternal education (years)
<High school	26.1	42.1	23.5	34.0	29.3
High school	18.9	18.8	20.9	22.7	24.2
Some college	24.8	19.7	27.0	23.9	22.1
≥Bachelor’s degree	30.2	19.4	28.6	19.3	24.5
Maternal employment
Yes	62.7	57.3	70.2	62.0	60.2
Gravidity
0	23.9	23.4	26.7	26.5	29.6
1	26.3	25.2	26.1	26.1	27.0
2	20.7	21.4	21.6	20.3	19.6
>2	29.1	30.0	25.6	27.1	23.8
Intake of folic acid-containing supplements
Yes	61.5	54.0	57.8	55.3	61.2
Maternal smoking
B2	8.8	8.6	9.6	12.5	10.6
B1	8.4	7.1	8.6	11.9	10.3
P1	5.9	3.3	5.6	8.8	7.7
P2	3.1	1.2	3.0	4.2	4.6
Maternal alcohol consumption
B2	26.9	28.4	28.1	27.0	27.1
B1	28.8	27.5	26.7	26.6	26.3
P1	19.1	17.9	17.4	18.4	16.7
P2	6.6	6.9	5.6	6.7	5.6
Maternal binge drinkinga
B2	4.0	3.0	4.5	8.6	6.3
B1	5.6	5.0	4.0	5.2	6.3
P1	3.7	2.4	1.0	4.6	4.0
P2	0.6	1.2	0.5	1.2	1.3

CP, cleft palate; CLP, cleft lip with or without cleft palate; B2, two months before pregnancy; B1, one month before pregnancy; P1, first month of pregnancy; P2, second month of pregnancy

^aBinge drinking is defined as consuming five or more drinks per drinking occasion.