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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 23.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2010 Apr 23;32(4):468–478. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.018

Table 1.

Type 1 Diabetes risk stratification by T1D family history and HLA genotyping

Population Type 1 diabetes risk (%)
Low risk
No affected FDR plus HLA protective genes 0.01
No affected FDR 0.4
Affected FDR plus HLA protective genes 0.3
Intermediate risk
No affected FDR plus HLA risk genes 4
One affected FDR 5
  • mother with T1D 3
  • father with T1D 5
  • sibling with T1D 8
High risk
One affected FDR plus HLA high risk genes 10-20
Multiple affected FDRs 20-25
Very high risk
Identical twin affected 30-70
Multiple affected FDRs plus HLA risk genes 50
Sibling affected plus HLA risk genes, identical by decent 30-70

Abbreviations: FDR,first-degree relative; HLA risk genes: HLA DRB1*03,*04;DQB1*0302; HLA protective genes, HLA DQB1*0602.