Table 3. Typical complications and options for their management.

Complication	Management options
Airway obstruction	– Esmarch maneuver (jaw thrust maneuver—upward and anterior displacement of the jaw using both hands)
	– Oro- or nasopharyngeal tube
	– Patient in lateral position (pharyngeal space ca. 50% larger than when patient supine)
Apnea, hypopnea	– Mask ventilation with supplemental oxygen
	– Intubation (if mask ventilation inadequate or not possible)
Laryngospasm	– Mask ventilation with supplemental oxygen
	– If required, general anesthesia with relaxation and intubation
Vomiting, regurgitation, aspiration	– Patient in lateral recumbent position, apply suction
	– If aspiration occurs:
	– Supplemental oxygen if saturation below 95%
	– Intubation and ventilation (PEEP) if necessary
	– Bronchoscopy, chest radiograph if necessary
	– Antibiotics if patient shows signs of infection following the procedure
Arterial hypotension	– Volume replacement: Any of NaCl 0.9%, Ringer lactate, or HAES 6%, 10 to 20 mL/kg IV
	– In life-threatening cases: vasopressors (epinephrine, norepinephrine, 1 to 10 µg/kg per dose, IV)
Bradycardia	– Atropine 20 µg/kg per dose, IV
	– In life-threatening cases: epinephrine 1 to 10 µg/kg per dose, IV
Allergic reaction, anaphylaxis	– H1-blockers
	(e.g., dimethindene 0.025 to 0.5 mg/kg per dose, IV) and H2-blockers (e.g., ranitidine 1 to 2 mg/kg per dose, IV
	– Steroids
	(e.g., methylprednisolone 5 to 10 mg/kg per dose, IV)
	– Symptoms of shock: volume therapy and epinephrine 1 to 10 µg/kg per dose, IV