Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the smoker samples
| Measure | Wisconsin Behavioral Health Survey (N = 366) | Bupropion–Gum Clinical Trial (N = 608) | Break-Free Clinical Trial (N = 393) |
| % Female | 63.7 | 57.9 | 50.9 |
| % White/Caucasian | 86.3 | 75.9 | 0 |
| % Black | 10.4 | 22.1 | 100 |
| % High school (HS) or post-HS | 93.4 | 90.7 | 82.2 |
| % Married or member of a couple | 50.8 | 56.1 | 41.4 |
| Mean (SD) | |||
| Age | 46.2 (12.9) | 41.7 (11.3) | 42.4 (9.7) |
| Cigarettes per day | 17.1 (10.8) | 22.4 (9.8) | 20.6 (12.2) |
| FTND scorea | 3.6 (2.3) | 5.6 (2.1) | – |
| WISDM Affiliative Attachment (strong emotional attachment to smoking) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.0 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.9) |
| WISDM Automaticity (smoking without awareness or intention) | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.7 (1.7) | 4.6 (1.7) |
| WISDM Loss of Control (loss of volitional control over smoking) | 4.3 (1.7) | 5.2 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.6) |
| WISDM Behavioral Choice/Melioration (smoking despite constraints on/negative consequences of smoking and/or lack of other reinforcers) | 3.5 (1.5) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.7) |
| WISDM Cognitive Enhancement (smoking to improve cognitive functioning) | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.9 (1.8) |
| WISDM Craving (intense frequent urges to smoke) | 4.4 (1.6) | 4.9 (1.3) | 5.0 (1.6) |
| WISDM Cue Exposure/Associative Processes (associative strength of cues to elicit smoking motivation) | 4.4 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.3) | 4.7 (1.4) |
| WISDM Negative Reinforcement (smoking to ameliorate negative internal states) | 4.1 (1.5) | 4.1 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.6) |
| WISDM Positive Reinforcement (smoking for pleasure or to enhance positive feelings or experience | 3.8 (1.5) | 3.6 (1.5) | 4.2 (1.7) |
| WISDM Social/Environmental Goads (potency of social stimuli or contexts in increasing smoking motivation) | 3.8 (2.0) | 3.8 (1.9) | 4.5 (2.0) |
| WISDM Taste/Sensory Properties (smoking for orosensory or gustatory effects) | 4.3 (1.5) | 4.2 (1.5) | 4.7 (1.7) |
| WISDM Tolerance (need to smoke increasing amounts to get desired effect; ability to smoke heavily without toxicity) | 4.2 (1.8) | 5.1 (1.3) | 5.2 (1.5) |
| WISDM Weight Control | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.9 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.8) |
| WISDM Primary Dependence Motives Scaleb | 4.3 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.2) | 4.9 (1.4) |
| WISDM Secondary Dependence Motives Scalec | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.4) |
| WISDM total scored | 50.4 (15.1) | 52.4 (13.0) | 57.1 (17.2) |
Note. aFTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton et al., 1991).
b
Primary Dependence Motives scale = mean of Automaticity, Loss of Control, Craving, and Tolerance.
c
Secondary Dependence Motives scale = mean of Affiliative Attachment, Behavioral Choice/Melioration, Cognitive Enhancement, Cue Exposure/Associative Processes, Affective Enhancement, Social/Environmental Goads, Taste, and Weight Control.
d
WISDM total score = mean of 13 WISDM subscale scores.