TABLE 4. Comparison of Psychiatrists to Other Physicians After Control for Other Covariates.

Questionnaire Item	Odds Ratio a	95% CI
Patients mention religion/spirituality
Patients have mentioned religion/   spirituality issues (often/always)	3.9***	2.3 to 6.8
Potential positive influences of religion/  spirituality
The influence of religion/spirituality   on health is generally positive	0.6	0.3 to 1.0
Religion/spirituality helps patients   cope (often/always)	1.4	0.8 to 2.7
Religion/spirituality gives patients a   positive, hopeful state of mind   (often/always)	0.7	0.4 to 1.2
Patients have received support from   their religious community (often/ always)	0.8	0.5 to 1.3
Potential negative influences of  religion/spirituality
Religion/spirituality causes negative   emotions (sometimes/often/always)	5.3***	3.0 to 9.2
Religion/spirituality leads patients to   forego medically indicated therapy   (sometimes/often/always)	1.0	0.6 to 1.6
Patients have used religion/spirituality   to avoid responsibility for their   health (sometimes/often/always)	1.1	0.7 to 1.8
Inquiry
It is appropriate for a physician to   inquire about a patient’s religion/   spirituality	17.2***	7.7 to 38.7
I do inquire about religion/spirituality	9.2***	4.6 to 18.4
When a patient suffers from anxiety or   depression, I inquire (often/always)	7.4***	4.1 to 13.4
Dialogue
It is appropriate for a physician to   discuss religion/spirituality issues   when a patient brings them up	4.1*	1.1 to 14.5
It is appropriate for a physician to talk   about his or her own religious beliefs   or experiences whenever the   physician senses appropriate	1.6	0.9 to 2.8
I encourage patients in their own   religious/spiritual beliefs and   practices (often/always)	2.4**	1.3 to 4.6
I respectfully share my own religious   ideas and experiences (sometimes/   often/always)	0.7	0.4 to 1.2
I try to change the subject in a tactful   way (sometimes/often/always)	0.2***	0.1 to 0.5
Prayer
It is appropriate to pray with a patient   whenever the physician senses   appropriate	1.5	0.8 to 2.6
I pray with patients (sometimes/often/   always)	0.3**	0.1 to 0.7
Barriers
Insufficient time	0.7	0.4 to 1.1
Concern about offending patients	0.5*	0.3 to 0.9
Insufficient knowledge/training	0.9	0.6 to 1.6
General discomfort	0.5*	0.2 to 0.9
Concern that colleagues will   disapprove	1.1	0.3 to 3.9

^aMultivariate logistic regression analyses with control for age, gender, ethnicity, foreign medical graduation, religious affiliation, intrinsic religiosity, and spirituality.

^*p<0.05.

^**p<0.01.

^***p<0.001.