Table 3.

Patient characteristics associated with overall clinical and programmatic outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia (July 1, 2007 to January 31, 2009).

		Adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)
		Drug substitution	Mortality	Programmatic failure
Age	> 15 to ≤ 29 years	Ref	Ref	Ref
	> 30 to ≤ 35 years	0.97 (0.81 - 1.15)	0.86 (0.66 - 1.13)	0.82 (0.73 - 0.92)
	>35 to ≤ 41 years	0.96 (0.80 - 1.16)	0.94 (0.71 - 1.24)	0.80 (0.70 - 0.90)
	> 41 years	0.91 (0.76 – 1.09)	1.05 (0.81 - 1.37)	0.79 (0.70 - 0.88)
Sex	Female	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Male	0.73 (0.63 - 0.85)	1.82 (1.47 - 2.26)	1.43 (1.30 - 1.57)
Body mass index	≥ 16 kg/m2	Ref	Ref	Ref
	< 16 kg/m2	1.21 (0.89 - 1.63)	3.09 (2.40 - 3.98)	2.01 (1.72 - 2.35)
CD4 count	≥ 200	Ref	Ref	Ref
	≤ 50 to < 200	0.95 (0.82 - 1.10)	2.03 (1.55 - 2.66)	0.95 (0.86 – 1.05)
	< 50	1.09 (0.88 - 1.36)	3.70 (2.71 - 5.06)	1.27 (1.10 - 1.45)
Hemoglobin	> 14 g/L	Ref	Ref	Ref
	12 to < 14 g/L	0.98 (0.77 - 1.26)	1.30 (0.88 - 1.91)	1.12 (0.96 - 1.31)
	10 to < 12 g/L	1.20 (0.94 - 1.54)	1.68 (1.14 - 2.49)	1.37 (1.17 - 1.60)
Tuberculosis	No	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Yes	0.90 (0.71 - 1.13)	0.64 (0.48 - 0.86)	0.83 (0.72 - 0.95)
WHO stage	I or II	Ref	Ref	Ref
	III	1.08 (0.94 - 1.24)	1.90 (1.49 - 2.44)	1.12 (1.02 - 1.24)
	IV	1.27 (0.96 - 1.66)	2.31 (1.59 - 3.35)	1.19 (0.99 - 1.42)
Serum creatinine	< 120 mmol/L	Ref	Ref	Ref
	≥ 120 mmol/L	0.76 (0.31 - 1.86)	0.60 (0.15 - 2.46)	1.12 (0.63 - 1.99)
Third ART drug	Nevirapine	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Efavirenz	0.69 (0.57 - 0.84)	1.13 (0.89 - 1.43)	1.15 (1.03 - 1.29)

All of the above covariates were included in the Cox proportional hazards model. We also included nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone. WHO = World Health Organization, ART = antiretroviral therapy