Table 1.

Identification of WO prophages and active phage particles^a

Insect		WO prophages			Refs.
Common name	Species	Particle size by TEM b	Number of prophages c	Identification of phage DNA from active particles?
Mosquito	Culex pipiens	20 nm	5	No data available	[26,30]
	Aedes albopictus	~40 nm	1	No data available	[31]
Cricket	Teleogryllus taiwanemma	40 nm	1	PCR	[93]
Moth	Cadra cautella	40 nm	2	PCR, cloning, and sequencing	[28,29]
Wasp	Nasonia vitripennis	~25 nm	4	PCR	[27]
Fruit fly	Drosophila melanogaster	~25 nm	2	PCR	[25]
	Drosophila simulans	Not determined	4	PCR	[25]

^aPhage WO particles have been purified from several Wolbachia-insect systems using large-scale insect homogenization, density centrifugation, and purification through filters. In some cases, DNA has been amplified from phage particle isolations, confirming the presence of active phage particles.

^bTEM, transmission electron microscopy.

^cNumber of prophages in sequenced Wolbachia genomes