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Regulatory effects of the individual cytokines IL-1β, IL-17, IL-32, TGF-β1, and TNF-α at a range of concentrations on (A) proliferation, (B) HA secretion, and (C) PRG4 secretion by human synoviocytes. Mean ± SEM, n = 5–6; *p < 0.05. HA, hyaluronan; PRG4, proteoglycan 4; IL, interleukin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-beta 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; SEM, standard error of the mean.
