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Regulatory effects of different combinations of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-17, IL-32, TGF-β1, and TNF-α (applied at maximum individual stimulation doses) on (A) proliferation, (B) HA secretion, and (C) PRG4 secretion by human synoviocytes. Mean ± SEM, n = 6; *p < 0.05 for individual effect; **p < 0.05 for interactive effect. (+) signs indicate cytokines present in the culture media.
