Table 2.

NPI licensing (critical) and non-licensing (control) contexts

Licensor Type	Licensor	Non-Licensor	Example
Negation	don’t/doesn’t/didn’t haven’t/hasn’t	do/does/did have/has	They really don’t/do believe that John ever/often goes camping.
Doubt	doubts	thinks	Mick doubts/thinks that any/all of the students passed the exam.
Universal Quantifier	every	eight	Every/Eight pupil(s) who ever/often got sick went to the hospital.
Yes/No Question	yes/no question	corresponding declarative	Has Sally/Sally has bought any/all of the items for the party?/.
Probability	rarely/hardly	sometimes	It hardly/sometimes rained at all/this year despite the forecasts.
Possibility	whether	that	Angela hopes to determine whether/that brain waves ever/often indicate specific mental states.
Temporal Order	before	after	Before/After Mark began to write at all/this year, he received his advance.
Existential	without	with	Karen bought the computer without/with any/all of its software pre-installed.

Note: The NPI/non-NPI types were evenly distributed across the Licensing/Non-Licensing Types (see main text).