TABLE 3.

Coinfections of Ixodes ricinus, potential reservoir hosts, and mode of acquisition^a

Developmental stage/sex of ticks	Pathogen species					Reservoir host preferences	Acquisition of coinfection
	Borrelia	Borrelia	Rickettsia	Babesia	Anaplasma
F	afzelii			microti		R + R	SIM
F	afzelii			microti		R + R	SIM
F	afzelii		helvetica			R + R/D	SIM or CON
F	valaisiana		helvetica			R + R/D	SIM or CON
F	valaisiana		helvetica			R + R/D	SIM or CON
F	valaisiana		helvetica			R + R/D	SIM or CON
F	valaisiana				phagocytophilum	R + B/D	CON
F			helvetica		phagocytophilum	R/D + B/D	SIM or CON
F			helvetica	sp. EU1		R/D + D	SIM or CON
F	garinii ST3	garinii ST7				B + B	SIM
F	garinii ST6	valaisiana				B + B	SIM
F	garinii ST6	valaisiana				B + B	SIM
F	garinii DC	valaisiana				Unclear + B	SIM or CON
F	burgdorferi sensu stricto	Species unclear				R/B + Unclear	SIM or CON
M	afzelii			microti		R + R	SIM
M	afzelii			sp. EU1		R + D	CON
M	afzelii			sp. EU1		R + D	CON
M	garinii		helvetica			R/B + R/D	SIM or CON
M	garinii		helvetica			B + R/D	CON
M	garinii			sp. EU1	phagocytophilum	B + D + B/D	CON
M	afzelii	burgdorferi sensu stricto				R + R/B	SIM or CON
M	afzelii	spielmanii				R + R	SIM
M	afzelii	spielmanii				R + R	SIM
M	garinii	burgdorferi sensu stricto				R/B + R/B	SIM or CON
M	garinii	valaisiana				R/B + B	SIM or CON
M	garinii	valaisiana				R/B + B	SIM or CON
M	garinii ST7	valaisiana				B + B	SIM
M	garinii DC	valaisiana				Unclear + B	SIM or CON
M	valaisiana	burgdorferi sensu stricto				B + R/B	SIM or CON
N	afzelii		helvetica			R + R/D	SIM or CON
N	afzelii		helvetica			R + R/D	SIM or CON
N	afzelii			microti		R + R	SIM
N	afzelii			microti		R + R	SIM
N	afzelii			microti		R + R	SIM
N	garinii ST6	valaisiana		sp. EU1		B + B + D	CON
N			helvetica		phagocytophilum	R/D + B/D	SIM or CON
N			helvetica		phagocytophilum	R/D + B/D	SIM or CON
N			helvetica	sp. EU1		R/D + B/D	SIM or CON
N	afzelii	garinii				R + R/B	SIM or CON
N	afzelii	burgdorferi sensu stricto				R + R/B	SIM or CON
N	garinii ST3	valaisiana				B + B	SIM
N	garinii ST5	garinii ST6				B + B	SIM
N	garinii ST5	garinii ST6				B + B	SIM
N	garinii DC	valaisiana				Unclear + B	SIM or CON

^aN, nymph; M, male; F, female; ST, serotype; DC, distinct cluster; R, rodents; B, birds; D, deer; SIM, simultaneously; CON, consecutively. Reservoir host preferences were taken from the literature (4, 12, 18, 30, 34, 53).