Effects of C4-dicarboxylates and the regulators TtdR, DcuS, and DmlR on the expression of dmlR-lacZ under aerobic (A) and anaerobic (B) growth conditions. (A) Strains IMW563 (wild type) (open bars), IMW564 (ttdR) (gray bars), IMW566 (dcuS) (striped bars), and IMW565 (dmlR) (black bars) carrying a chromosomal dmlR-lacZ gene fusion were grown in eM9 medium containing gluconate and the effectors indicated on the x axis (50 mM each) under aerobic conditions. (B) Anaerobic growth of the same strains in eM9 medium containing gluconate (50 mM), glycerol (50 mM), and DMSO (20 mM) with and without d-malate (50 mM).