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Effector function in HIV-1-infected subjects with antiviral activity. Expression of cytokine and degranulation markers was measured in 15 virus controllers (A) and 15 chronically infected subjects (B) by flow cytometric analysis. Total CD8+ T-cell responses for each function are shown following Env (blue symbols), Gag (red), or Nef (green) peptide stimulation. Shaded bars indicate interquartile range.
