Table 4.
Characteristics associated with having any pathology, retinopathy, or signs of glaucoma: Logistic regression model
| Characteristic | Any Fundus Pathology |
Retinopathya |
Signs of Glaucoma |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <50 | – | – | 1.00 | <0.001 | – | – |
| 50 to 59 | – | 0.57 (0.38 to 0.84) | – | |||
| 60 to 69 | – | 0.36 (0.25 to 0.53) | – | |||
| ≥70 | – | 0.26 (0.17 to 0.40) | – | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| female | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
| male | 1.29 (1.06 to 1.57) | 1.52 (1.17 to 1.96) | 1.59 (1.14 to 2.22) | |||
| Race | ||||||
| white | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| nonwhite | 1.63 (1.33 to 1.99) | 1.66 (1.29 to 1.96) | 3.32 (2.31 to 4.77) | |||
| Hypertension and diabetes | ||||||
| neither | 1.00 | <0.001 | – | 1.00 | 0.004 | |
| hypertension | 1.47 (0.97 to 2.23) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.61 to 2.21) | ||
| diabetes | 5.18 (2.43 to 11.06) | 10.58 (5.07 to 22.06) | 1.41 (0.42 to 4.78) | |||
| both | 3.75 (2.47 to 5.71) | 9.70 (7.16 to 13.21) | 0.62 (0.32 to 1.20) | |||
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | ||||||
| ≥50 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | – | – |
| 40 to 49 | 1.16 (0.88 to 1.53) | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.47) | – | |||
| 30 to 39 | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.74) | 1.98 (1.38 to 2.83) | – | |||
| ≤29 | 2.12 (1.62 to 2.78) | 2.99 (2.05 to 4.06) | – | |||
| Any CVD | ||||||
| absent | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.001 | – | – |
| present | 1.56 (1.27 to 1.92) | 1.65 (1.28 to 2.14) | – | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <25.0 | – | – | 1.00 | 0.01 | – | – |
| 25.0 to 29.9 | – | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.95) | – | |||
| 30.0 to 34.9 | – | 0.69 (0.47 to 1.01) | – | |||
| ≥35.0 | – | 0.51 (0.35 to 0.76) | – | |||
All factors listed with ORs were included in the final model after stepwise selection. CI, confidence interval.
a
Participants (n = 181) with neither hypertension nor diabetes were excluded from the model because only one (0.55%) had retinopathy.