Table 2.
Comorbidities
| BPD (n = 65) | BPD+OCD (n = 17) | OCD (n = 106) | OCD+BPD (n = 19) | Test statistic | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of comorbidities | 5.5 ± 2.3a*** | 6.5 ± 1.7d*** | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 2.0e*** | χ2(3) = 58.05 | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 1 comorbidity (besides BPD/OCD) | 64 (98.5) | 17 (100) | 100 (94.3) | 19 (100) | FET | 0.45 |
| Multiple anxiety disorders (≥ 3) | 23 (35.4) | 11 (65)b*, d* | 39 (36.8) | 14 (74)c**, e** | χ2(3) = 13.01 | 0.005 |
| ADHD | 55 (84.6)a***, c* | 14 (82.4)d** | 43 (40.6) | 11 (57.9) | χ2(3) = 30.38 | < 0.001 |
| ODD | 59 (90.8)a*** | 15 (88.2)c*, d** | 46 (43.8) | 14 (73.7)e* | χ2(3) = 32.83 | < 0.001 |
| CD | 35 (53.9)a***, c*** | 9 (52.9)d***, f** | 7 (06.7) | 3 (15.8) | χ2(3) = 41.45 | < 0.001 |
| Tics/Tourette’s disorder | 16 (24.6) | 6 (35.3) | 35 (33.3) | 10 (52.6) | χ2(3) = 5.04 | 0.17 |
| Panic disorder | 6 (9.2) | 3 (17.7) | 16 (15.1) | 6 (31.6) | χ2(3) = 3.62 | 0.31 |
| Agoraphobia | 17 (26.2) | 3 (17.7) | 38 (35.9) | 8 (42.1) | χ2(3) = 3.72 | 0.29 |
| Specific phobia | 20 (30.8) | 9 (52.9) | 36 (34.0) | 9 (47.4) | χ2(3) = 5.75 | 0.12 |
| Separation anxiety disorder | 36 (55.4) | 10 (58.8) | 47 (44.3) | 11 (57.9) | χ2(3) = 2.70 | 0.44 |
| Avoidant disorder | 8 (12.3) | 5 (29.4) | 13 (12.3) | 5 (26.3) | χ2(3) = 5.22 | 0.16 |
| PTSD | 6 (9.4) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.8) | 1 (5.3) | FET | 0.21 |
| Social phobia | 18 (27.7) | 6 (35.3) | 20 (18.9) | 9 (47.4)e** | χ2(3) = 8.78 | 0.03 |
| GAD | 24 (36.9) | 13 (76.5)b**, d** | 48 (45.3) | 12 (66.7) | χ2(3) = 9.24 | 0.03 |
| MDD | 56 (86.2)a*** | 16 (94.1)d** | 47 (44.3) | 17 (89.5)e** | χ2(3) = 39.27 | < 0.001 |
| Psychosis | 19 (29.2)a*** | 8 (47.1)d*** | 11 (10.4) | 7 (36.8)e** | χ2(3) = 16.30 | 0.001 |
Values displayed as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Statistical significance level set at p ≤ 0.05;
*
p ≤ 0.05;
**
p ≤ 0.01;
***
p ≤ 0.001.
BPD = bipolar disorder; OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder; BPD+OCD = bipolar disorder with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder; OCD+BPD = obsessive-compulsive disorder with comorbid bipolar disorder; ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; CD = conduct disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; MDD = major depressive disorder; FET = Fisher’s Exact Test.
a
BPD versus OCD.
b
BPD versus BPD+OCD.
c
BPD versus OCD+BPD.
d
OCD versus BPD+OCD.
e
OCD versus OCD+BPD.
f
BPD+OCD versus OCD+BPD.