Table 2.
Cross-sectional associations between values and regular substance-use at age 15, unadjusted and mutually adjusted odds-ratios.
| Regular smoker | Frequent (most days) drinker | Weekly drug-use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted |
| Traditional | ||||||
| (Trad) Sex-Roles | 1.09 (0.96-1.23) | 1.22 (1.05-1.41) | 1.60 (1.24-2.07) | 1.40 (1.09-1.81) | 1.67 (1.45-1.92) | 1.53 (1.30-1.81) |
| (Pro) Work Ethic | 1.17 (1.03-1.32) | 1.18 (1.04-1.33) | 1.13 (0.84-1.51) | 1.10 (0.85-1.44) | 1.11 (0.96-1.28) | 1.06 (0.91-1.24) |
| (Pro) Citizenship | 1.04 (0.93-1.16) | 1.06 (0.94-1.20) | 1.09 (0.83-1.44) | 1.14 (0.88-1.48) | 1.03 (0.89-1.19) | 1.01 (0.87-1.18) |
| Humanitarian | ||||||
| (Pro) Equity | 1.27 (1.15-1.42) | 1.25 (1.12-1.39) | 0.97 (0.77-1.21) | 0.99 (0.78-1.24) | 1.13 (0.97-1.30) | 1.09 (0.93-1.27) |
| Self-direction | ||||||
| (Anti) Authority | 1.53 (1.35-1.74) | 1.33 (1.17-1.51) | 1.67 (1.31-2.13) | 1.33 (0.98-1.79) | 1.64 (1.40-1.91) | 1.45 (1.21-1.75) |
| (Anti-trad) Politics | 1.49 (1.35-1.64) | 1.39 (1.23-1.57) | 1.41 (1.08-1.83) | 1.38 (1.02-1.77) | 1.48 (1.31-1.67) | 1.32 (1.17-1.49) |
| Self-enhancement | ||||||
| (Pro) Materialism | 0.99 (0.88-1.11) | 0.96 (0.85-1.09) | 1.08 (0.78-1.48) | 0.99 (0.72-1.36) | 1.11 (0.94-1.31) | 1.04 (0.87-1.23) |
| (Pro) Individualism | 0.83 (0.72-0.94) | 0.84 (0.73-0.96) | 0.88 (0.66-1.17) | 0.86 (0.64-1.14) | 0.77 (0.65-0.91) | 0.78 (0.66-0.92) |
| Parental Smoking | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No parent figure | 2.20 (0.95-5.10) | 1.27 (0.35-4.64) | 5.78 (1.86-17.93) | 2.24 (0.19-27.21) | 3.36 (1.63-6.94) | 2.03 (0.55-7.56) |
| Yes | 1.73 (1.40-2.15) | 1.36 (1.04-1.76) | 0.82 (0.44-1.53) | 0.91 (0.45-1.87) | 1.64 (1.25-2.15) | 1.40 (1.00-1.96) |
| Risk taking | ||||||
| Very true | 5.25 (3.75-7.36) | 4.25 (2.89-6.26) | 10.01 (4.95-20.23) | 4.26 (1.84-9.85) | 10.98 (6.66-18.11) | 5.94 (3.52-10.03) |
| True | 2.74 (2.16-3.48) | 2.33 (1.79-3.04) | 2.95 (1.27-6.86) | 1.87 (0.74-4.69) | 4.12 (2.83-6.00) | 2.81 (1.90-4.16) |
| Untrue/v untrue | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 0.73 (0.58-0.93) | 0.50 (0.37-0.66) | 2.84 (1.56-5.14) | 1.82 (0.97-3.40) | 1.90 (1.45-2.49) | 1.10 (0.80-1.52) |
| Area deprivation | 1.02 (0.96-1.10) | 0.93 (0.86-1.00) | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | 0.85 (0.75-0.96) | 1.09 (1.01-1.19) | 1.02 (0.93-1.13) |
| Social Class | ||||||
| Manual | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-manual | 0.72 (0.56-0.93) | 0.86 (0.67-1.09) | 1.02 (0.67-1.54) | 1.05 (0.66-1.67) | 0.65 (0.48-0.88) | 0.84 (0.57-1.23) |
| Family structure | ||||||
| 2-parent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1-parent | 2.19 (1.65-2.91) | 1.78 (1.29-2.45) | 0.91 (0.49-1.69) | 0.79 (0.37-1.67) | 1.88 (1.42-2.49) | 1.41 (1.03-1.93) |
| reconstituted | 2.07 (1.47-2.93) | 1.71 (1.18-2.50) | 1.49 (0.72-3.05) | 1.42 (0.64-3.16) | 1.86 (1.24-2.78) | 1.60 (1.07-2.40) |
| other | 1.95 (1.04-3.66) | 1.19 (0.46-3.05) | 5.65 (2.17-14.71) | 3.34 (0.44-25.27) | 2.88 (1.42-5.82) | 1.46 (0.49-4.36) |
| Low parental care | 1.24 (1.15-1.33) | 1.11 (1.04-1.19) | 1.34 (1.17-1.53) | 1.19 (1.00-1.40) | 1.22 (1.16-1.29) | 1.06 (0.98-1.15) |
| Parental control | 1.01 (0.91-1.11) | 0.96 (0.86-1.08) | 1.11 (0.91-1.36) | 1.03 (0.83-1.28) | 1.13 (0.99-1.28) | 1.07 (0.95-1.21) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Protestant | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Catholic | 0.75 (0.56-0.99) | 0.76 (0.55-1.04) | 1.42 (0.68-2.95) | 1.67 (0.80-3.46) | 1.21 (0.80-1.81) | 1.24 (0.81-1.90) |
| Muslim/Islam | 0.47 (0.15-1.42) | 0.62 (0.18-2.19) | 0.00 (none) † | 0.00 (none) † | 0.35 (0.07-1.69) | 0.32 (0.06-1.68) |
| Other | 0.59 (0.35-1.00) | 0.79 (0.48-1.29) | 1.20 (0.34-4.26) | 1.18 (0.31-4.44) | 1.01 (0.54-1.91) | 1.40 (0.68-2.87) |
| None or atheist | 0.92 (0.63-1.33) | 0.76 (0.52-1.12) | 2.23 (0.89-5.55) | 1.97 (0.76-5.11) | 1.16 (0.76-1.78) | 1.00 (0.65-1.55) |
Significant odds ratios (p = 0.05 or lower) are shown in bold.
† = No Muslim participant reported drinking alcohol; accordingly the final model excluded Muslim participants.