Table 3.
Longitudinal associations between values and regular substance-use behaviour at age 18/19, unadjusted and mutually adjusted odds-ratios
| Regular smoker | Frequent (most days) drinker | Weekly drug-use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted |
| Traditional | ||||||
| (Trad) Sex-Roles | 1.19 (1.04-1.37) | 1.19 (0.98-1.46) | 1.30 (1.02-1.65) | 1.03 (0.73-1.44) | 1.62 (1.33-1.99) | 1.10 (0.88-1.38) |
| (Pro) Work Ethic | 1.24 (1.10-1.41) | 1.21 (1.02-1.45) | 1.02 (0.78-1.32) | 0.99 (0.77-1.27) | 1.11 (0.95-1.31) | 1.00 (0.85-1.18) |
| (Pro) Citizenship | 1.04 (0.91-1.21) | 1.06 (0.88-1.27) | 0.98 (0.77-1.25) | 0.95 (0.74-1.23) | 1.11 (0.96-1.29) | 1.03 (0.88-1.21) |
| Humanitarian | ||||||
| (Pro) Equity | 1.12 (0.96-1.30) | 0.95 (0.77-1.18) | 1.05 (0.74-1.48) | 1.10 (0.80-1.52) | 1.10 (0.92-1.31) | 1.07 (0.88-1.31) |
| Self-direction | ||||||
| (Anti) Authority | 1.21 (1.05-1.39) | 0.92 (0.76-1.11) | 1.20 (0.89-1.61) | 1.05 (0.78-1.42) | 1.52 (1.29-1.79) | 1.33 (1.10-1.61) |
| (Anti-trad) Politics | 1.38 (1.21-1.59) | 1.15 (0.96-1.38) | 0.85 (0.66-1.08) | 0.83 (0.64-1.09) | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) | 0.97 (0.84-1.12) |
| Self-enhancement | ||||||
| (Pro) Materialism | 1.02 (0.86-1.20) | 1.01 (0.80-1.29) | 1.22 (0.97-1.54) | 1.13 (0.89-1.44) | 1.01 (0.84-1.22) | 0.92 (0.74-1.13) |
| (Pro) Individualism | 0.99 (0.84-1.17) | 1.14 (0.93-1.41) | 1.14 (0.87-1.51) | 1.13 (0.85-1.49) | 0.99 (0.84-1.18) | 1.06 (0.88-1.27) |
| Prior subst-use * | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Regular prior- use | 17.14 (11.88-24.71) | 16.76 (11.63-24.16) | 3.27 (1.03-10.38) | 2.38 (0.70-8.04) | 7.96 (5.51-11.48) | 5.52 (3.60-8.48) |
| Parental Smoking | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No parent figure | 3.46 (1.25-9.57) | 1.74 (0.20-14.91) | † | † | 1.62 (0.44-5.92) | 0.52 (0.03-7.74) |
| Yes | 1.68 (1.19-2.39) | 1.23 (0.75-2.03) | 0.67 (0.34-1.32) | 0.79 (0.37-1.72) | 1.32 (0.91-1.92) | 1.20 (0.72-2.00) |
| Risk taking | ||||||
| Very true | 3.38 (2.29-5.01) | 1.37 (0.80-2.33) | 3.39 (1.66-6.93) | 2.39 (1.06-5.38) | 7.28 (3.92-13.50) | 3.31 (1.65-6.62) |
| True | 2.08 (1.56-2.77) | 1.29 (0.90-1.86) | 1.79 (1.02-3.12) | 1.66 (0.91-3.01) | 3.20 (2.01-5.07) | 2.09 (1.26-3.46) |
| Untrue/v untrue | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 0.98 (0.76-1.28) | 0.93 (0.61-1.43) | 2.54 (1.46-4.41) | 2.04 (1.04-4.00) | 3.54 (2.26-5.54) | 2.97 (1.86-4.75) |
| Area deprivation | 1.08 (1.00-1.17) | 1.03 (0.92-1.16) | 0.98 (0.81-1.18) | 1.11 (0.89-1.38) | 1.09 (0.97-1.21) | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) |
| Social Class | ||||||
| Manual | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-manual | 0.63 (0.47-0.85) | 0.77 (0.48-1.21) | 2.04 (1.12-3.70) | 2.20 (1.15-4.21) | 0.79 (0.54-1.13) | 0.98 (0.66-1.46) |
| Family structure | ||||||
| 2-parent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1-parent | 1.75 (1.21-2.52) | 1.10 (0.68-1.78) | 0.82 (0.40-1.68) | 0.80 (0.36-1.78) | 1.12 (0.78-1.62) | 0.81 (0.49-1.35) |
| reconstituted | 2.26 (1.55-3.30) | 1.78 (1.15-2.78) | 0.58 (0.21-1.60) | 0.55 (0.16-1.89) | 1.27 (0.73-2.20) | 1.09 (0.58-2.08) |
| other | 2.95 (1.43-6.09) | 1.92 (0.37-9.89) | † | † | 2.05 (0.79-5.31) | 1.95 (0.27-14.16) |
| Low parental care | 1.16 (1.06-1.26) | 1.05 (0.92-1.19) | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | 1.17 (1.07-1.27) | 1.04 (0.92-1.16) |
| Parental control | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 0.98 (0.79-1.20) | 0.93 (0.76-1.15) | 1.01 (0.89-1.15) | 0.93 (0.80-1.07) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Protestant | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Catholic | 0.88 (0.65-1.20) | 1.03 (0.72-1.48) | 1.07 (0.63-1.79) | 1.10 (0.64-1.87) | 0.73 (0.52-1.03) | 0.67 (0.46-0.97) |
| Muslim/Islam | 0.93 (0.41-2.14) | 1.54 (0.66-3.62) | 0.00 (none) ‡ | 0.00 (none) ‡ | 0.52 (0.15-1.74) | 0.51 (0.14-1.86) |
| Other | 0.64 (0.35-1.20) | 0.92 (0.41-2.08) | 1.01 (0.33-3.03) | 0.80 (0.26-2.49) | 0.68 (0.33-1.39) | 0.67 (0.29-1.57) |
| None or Atheist | 1.05 (0.65-1.71) | 1.24 (0.67-2.30) | 1.68 (0.90-3.12) | 1.51 (0.83-2.74) | 0.77 (0.49-1.21) | 0.61 (0.39-0.97) |
Significant odds ratios (p = 0.05 or lower) are shown in bold.
* = Prior use refers to use of the same substance as the outcome, e.g. for the smoking at age 18/19 outcome this means smoking at age 15.
† = Due to low cell frequencies this category been collapsed into another (adjacent) grouping.
‡ = No Muslim participant reported drinking alcohol; accordingly the final model excluded Muslim participants.