Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for 10 Psychosocial Outcomes
| Variable | No. of retained childrena | No. of promoted childrenb | Means for retained children |
Means for promoted children |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | |||
| Behavioral adjustment | ||||||||||
| Externalizing behaviors | ||||||||||
| Teacher-reported hyperactivity | 122 | 241 | 1.01 (0.65) | 0.88 (0.67) | 0.84 (0.66) | 0.82 (0.69) | 0.93 (0.63) | 0.87 (0.61) | 1.00 (0.67) | 0.83 (0. |
| Teacher-reported conduct problems | 122 | 240 | 0.36 (0.46) | 0.46 (0.55) | 0.36 (0.43) | 0.34 (0.45) | 0.40 (0.50) | 0.40 (0.50) | 0.39 (0.50) | 0.37 (0. |
| Peer-reported hyperactivity | 111 | 211 | 0.22 (1.06) | 0.14 (1.04) | 0.26 (1.14) | 0.11 (0.93) | 0.10 (0.99) | 0.07 (1.01) | 0.05 (0.91) | 0.03 (0. |
| Peer-reported conduct problems | 111 | 213 | 0.09 (1.01) | 0.22 (1.11) | 0.26 (1.16) | 0.05 (1.00) | 0.05 (1.01) | 0.05 (1.00) | 0.09 (1.07) | 0.04 (0. |
| Internalizing behaviors | ||||||||||
| Teacher-reported emotional problems | 122 | 240 | 0.39 (0.43) | 0.37 (0.41) | 0.29 (0.39) | 0.33 (0.36) | 0.41 (0.43) | 0.37 (0.41) | 0.38 (0.40) | 0.43 (0. |
| Peer-reported sad/withdrawn | 111 | 213 | 0.19 (1.08) | −0.22 (0.66) | −0.06 (0.90) | −0.17 (0.75) | 0.06 (1.02) | 0.001 (0.93) | 0.09 (1.10) | −0.01 (0. |
| Engagement | ||||||||||
| Teacher-reported behavioral engagement | 123 | 243 | 2.92 (1.04) | 3.29 (1.03) | 3.39 (1.08) | 3.39 (0.76) | 03.15 (1.06) | 3.22 (1.04) | 3.06 (0.95) | 3.34 (0. |
| Child-reported school belongingc | 4.13 (0.80) | 4.23 (0.68) | 4.21 (0.79) | 3.92 (0.69) | 4.19 (0.83) | 4.03 (0.78) | 4.09 (0.69) | 3.81 (0. | ||
| Child-reported academic self-efficacyc | 3.44 (0.56) | 3.55 (0.39) | 22.98 (5.53) | 22.71 (5.69) | 3.42 (0.60) | 3.44 (0.46) | 21.61 (5.02) | 21.23 (4. | ||
| Social acceptance | ||||||||||
| Peer-reported liking | 111 | 221 | 3.40 (0.72) | 3.60 (0.68) | 3.37 (0.60) | 3.13 (0.69) | 3.38 (0.71) | 3.15 (0.67) | 3.09 (0.63) | 3.12 (0. |
Note. Standard deviations are presented within parentheses.
a
Number of retained children used in the analysis.
b
Number of promoted children used in the analysis. Sample sizes vary slightly as a result of missing data.
c
Descriptive statistics for school belonging and academic self-efficacy before imputation.
The number of retained and promoted children varied across time. Included in the analysis were 125, 103, 98, and 97 retained children and 252, 218, 224, and 212 promoted children at Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.