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Mean Differences Between the Retained and Promoted Groups on Academic Self-Efficacy and School Belonging at Waves 2, 3, and 4, Controlling for the Baseline Measure (Grade 1) and Probability of Being Retained at the End of Grade 1
| Effect of retention |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-report measure | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 |
| Academic self-efficacy | 0.01 (0.36) | 2.31 (1.41) | 2.83* (1.27) |
| School belonging | 0.46* (0.20) | 0.40 (0.26) | 0.42 (0.31) |
Note. Standard errors are presented within parentheses.
p < .05.
