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Intra-paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus injections of flumazenil fails to counteract ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Rats were implanted with cannulae above the paraventricular nucleus and then subjected to 3 cycles of 4.5% ethanol diet (ED3). Flumazenil treatment was 2.5 μg (0.5 μg/μl). Groups and abbreviations are as per Fig. 2. *p < 0.05 versus CD-Veh.
