Table 2.
Observational Studies with Data Gathered at a Single Time Point | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
First Author (Reference No.) |
Subjects | Predictor/Independent Variable |
Dependent/Outcome Variable |
Purported Mediator(s) |
Annus (38) | US collegiate women |
Family experiences (teasing, modeling) |
Disordered eating | Expectancies for life improvement from thinness |
Bere (39) | Norwegian adolescents |
Gender | Fruit & vegetable intake | Accessibility, preferences & self- efficacy |
Beydoun (40) | Cross-section US adults |
Nutrition knowledge & beliefs |
Diet quality | Away from home food experiences |
Beydoun (41) | Cross-section US adults |
Income & education | Diet quality | Perceived barriers food prices & benefits of quality diet |
Beydoun (42) | NHANES data | Ethnicity/race | Obesity & index metabolic syndrome |
Dairy food group intake |
Brown (43) | Adults with mental illness |
Mental performance composite score |
Grocery shopping skills | Grocery shopping knowledge |
Brug (44) | European school children |
Gender | Fruit & vegetable intake | Accessibility, modeling & preferences |
Caperchione (45) | Australian adults | BMI | Intentions for physical activity |
Attitudes, behavior control & subjective norms |
Cerin (46) | Australian adults | Education, income, household size |
Physical activity | Individual & environmental variables |
Decaluwé (47) | Flemish obese adolescents |
Parent characteristics & behaviors |
Psychological problems | Parenting style (inconsistent discipline) |
Hanson (48) | US high school students |
Income, parent education & occupation |
BMI | Sedentary behaviors |
Hesketh(49) | Australian families |
Maternal education | Children’s TV viewing | 21 aspects family TV environment |
Jago (50) | Houston boy scouts |
Distance to food stores & restaurants |
Fruit & vegetable intake | Food preferences & availability in home |
Janicke (51) | US overweight adolescents |
Peer victimization | Quality of life | Depressive symptoms |
Klepp (52) | 11 year olds from 9 European countries |
Exposure food commercials on TV |
Fruit & vegetable intake | Attitudes & preferences about fruits & vegetables |
Luyckx (53) | Dutch adults with type 1 diabetes |
Identification diabetes related problems |
Depression | Adaptive & maladaptive coping |
Proper (54) | Working Australian adults |
Education & income | BMI | Sitting on weekdays, weekends & in leisure time |
Mai (55) | 8 to 10 year old Canadian youth |
Milk consumption | Asthma | Being overweight |
Mond (56) | Australian women |
Psychological functioning & quality of life |
Obesity | Weight/shape concerns & binge-eating |
Sacco (57) | US adults with type 2 diabetes |
Behavioral adherence, self-care, BMI |
Depressions | Symptoms diabetes & self-efficacy |
Sawatzky (58) | Elderly Canadians |
Chronic medical conditions |
Quality of life & functional abilities |
Leisure time activities |
Shin (59) | Korean children grades 5 & 6 |
Obesity | Self-esteem | Body dissatisfaction |
Wansink (60) | French and US college students |
Country of origin | BMI | Internal & external cues of meal cessation |
Woo (61) | US adolescents | Race & parental education | Obesity | Breast feeding history |
Zeller (62) | Obese US adolescents |
Child obesity status | Family dynamics & functioning | Maternal distress |
Observational Studies with Data Gathered at More than One Time Point | ||||
Franko (63) | US adolescents | Family meals | Adolescent health (smoking, stress & disordered eating) | Family cohesion & coping skills |
Ornelas (64) | US adolescents | Perceived parental influences |
Vigorous physical activity 6 years later |
Self esteem & depression at baseline |
Walker (65) | Jamaican children |
Early childhood stunting | Psychological functioning | Cognitive ability |
Wansink (66) | US secretaries | Proximity & covering candy dish |
Candy intake | Self perceived intake candy |