Table 1.
Description of the studies included in the meta-analysis
| Author | Year, Publication | Country | Cohort | Year, Baseline | Gender | Sample size | Deaths | Follow-up, y | Age, y (range) | Quality Score† | Exposure assessment | Outcome assessment | Adjusted variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsubono | 1993 | Japan | Mihagi Prefecture | 1988 | Men & Women | 4,318 | 207 | 4.0 | 61.4 (40+) | 16 | Questionnaire | Town's Death Register | age, sex |
| Ruigomez | 1995 | Spain | Health Interview Survey of Barcelona | 1986 | Men Women | 395 594 | 224 | 5.0 | 74.3 (65+) | 15 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, education, perceived health status |
| Gale | 1998 | UK | DHSS | 1973-4 | Men & Women | 1,299 | 1,158 | 23.0 | 75.4 (65+) | 15 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, BMI, systolic BP, social class, diagnosis |
| Kojima | 2000 | Japan | Shirakawa Town | 1982-6 | Men Women | 2,438 2,884 | 147 109 | 11.9 | 46.9 (20-67) 47.7 (20-67) | 15 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, history of hypertension, stroke, heart and renal diseases and diabetes, use of sleeping pills, smoking and alcohol intake |
| Heslop | 2002 | UK | Scottish workplaces | 1970-3 | Men Women | 6,022 1,006 | 2,303 262 | 25.0 | (≤65) | 16 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, marital status, social class, risk factors, self-perceived stress |
| Kripke | 2002 | USA | CPS I | 1982 | Men Women | 480,841 636,095 | 45,200 32,440 | 6.0 | 58.0 (30-102) 57.0 (30-102) | 16 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, race, BMI, education, occupation, marital status, exercise, smoking, churchgoing, intake of fat, and fiber, insomnia, History of heart disease, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, stroke, respiratory disease, kidney disease, medications, including sleeping pills |
| Mallon | 2002 | Sweden | County of Dalarna | 1983 | Men Women | 906 964 | 165 101 | 12.0 | 56.0 (45-65) | 18 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age |
| Burazeri | 2003 | Israel | Kiryat Yovel Community Health Study | 1985-7 | Men Women | 760 915 | 198 205 | 10.0 | 64.0 (50+) 63.0 (50+) | 17 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, social class, country of origin, education, health status, PH of diabetes, CHD, stroke, CHF, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, blood pressure, BMI, glucose, thiocyanate, creatinine, albumin, TC, HDL, homocysteine, siesta. |
| Amagai | 2004 | Japan | Jichi Medical School Cohort Study | 1992-5 | Men Women | 4,419 6,906 | 289 206 | 8.2 | 55.0 (40-69) 55.2 (40-69) | 15 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, SBP, total cholesterol, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, marital status |
| Patel | 2004 | USA | Nurses' Health Study | 1986 | Women | 82,969 | 5,409 | 14.0 | 53.4 (30-55) | 17 | Questionnaire | National Death Index | age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, depression, snoring, BMI, history of cancer, CVD, hypertension, diabetes, and shift work |
| Ferrie | 2007 | UK | Whitehall II Study | 1985-8 | Men & Women | 9,871 | 566 | 17.1 | 44.6 (35-55) | 18 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, sex, marital status, employment grade, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, self-rated health, BMI, SBP, total cholesterol, physical illness, GHQ, prevalent CHD |
| Hublin | 2007 | Finland | Finnish Twin Cohort | 1975-81 | Men Women | 9,529 10,265 | 1,850 1,850 | 22.0 | 40.7 | 17 | Questionnaire | Death from population register | age, education, marital status, working status, social class, BMI, smoking, binge drinking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and life satisfaction |
| Lan | 2007 | Taiwan | Survey of Health & Living Status of the Elderly | 1993 | Men Women | 1,748 1,331 | 816 522 | 8.4 | 71.3 (64+) 71.9 (64+) | 17 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, marital status, income, smoking, alcohol, BMI, exercise, depression, PMH of heart disease, stroke and cancer, naps |
| Gangwisch | 2008 | USA | NHANES I | 1982-4 | Men & Women | 5,806 3,983 | 273 1,604 | 8-10 | 45.0 (32-59) 73.0 (60-86) | 18 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, sex, physical activity, smoking, depression, education, living alone, low income, daytime sleepiness, nighttime awakening, ethnicity, sleeping pill use, weight, hypertension, diabetes, general health, cancer |
| Ikehara | 2009 | Japan | JACC Study | 1988-90 | Men Women | 41,489 57,145 | 8,548 5,992 | 14.3 | 58.8 (40-79) 60.2 (40-79) | 18 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, BMI, PH of hypertension, diabetes, alcohol, smoking, education, exercise, employment, mental stress, depression, fresh fish intake |
| Stone | 2009 | USA | SOF Study | 1993-4 | Women | 8,101 | 1,922 | 6.9 | 77.0 (69+) | 18 | Questionnaire | Death certificate | age, BMI,PH of diabetes, Parkinson's, dementia, COPD, non-skin cancer, osteoarthritis, CVD, hypertension, walks, alcohol use, smoking, depression, cognitive status, estrogen, and hypnotic use |