Table 4.

Association of Conotruncal Heart Defects with Individual- and Household-Level SES Measures^a

		d-Transposition of the great arteries		Tetralogy of Fallot
	Number of controls (n = 617)	Number of cases (n = 125)	OR (95% CI)	Number of cases (n = 152)	OR (95% CI)
Maternal education
<High school	177	30	1.2 (0.6–2.1)	41	1.0 (0.6–1.6)
High school	150	22	Reference	35	Reference
Some college	133	29	1.5 (0.8–2.7)	36	1.2 (0.7–2.0)
≥Bachelor’s degree	151	43	1.9 (1.1–3.4)	40	1.1 (0.7–1.9)
Paternal education
<High school	154	36	1.5 (0.9–2.5)	44	1.4 (0.8–2.2)
High school	183	29	Reference	38	Reference
Some college	97	19	1.2 (0.7–2.3)	21	1.0 (0.6–1.9)
≥Bachelor’s degree	147	38	1.6 (1.0–2.8)	41	1.3 (0.8–2.2)
Maternal employment
Yes	375	80	Reference	95	Reference
No	240	45	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	57	0.9 (0.7–1.4)
Paternal employment
Yes	544	112	Reference	139	Reference
No	51	12	1.1 (0.6–2.2)	10	0.8 (0.4–1.6)
Household income
<$10,000	138	20	0.9 (0.4–2.0)	27	1.0 (0.5–2.1)
$10,000–$20,000	97	18	1.6 (0.5–2.6)	29	1.6 (0.8–3.3)
$20,000–$30,000	69	11	Reference	13	Reference
$30,000–$40000	41	10	1.5 (0.6–3.9)	6	0.8 (0.3–2.2)
$40,000–$50,000	23	8	2.2 (0.8–6.1)	10	2.3 (0.9–6.0)
>$50,000	187	44	1.5 (0.7–3.0)	51	1.5 (0.7–2.8)
Household-level SES indexb
0	253	54	Reference	69	Reference
1	132	25	0.9 (0.5–1.5)	24	0.7 (0.4–1.1)
2	120	25	1.0 (0.6–1.6)	30	0.9 (0.6–1.5)
3	17	5	1.4 (0.5–3.9)	7	1.5 (0.6–3.8)

^aA separate model was run for each SES measure.

^bThe index equals number of measures scored as low. Each measure was scored as follows: parental education (low if either parent’s education was < high school), income (low if <$20,000), and employment (low if father was not employed).

SES, socioeconomic status; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.