Comparative study between replicating VSV-CD40L and replication-defective Ad-CD40L as intratumoral virotherapeutic agents against B16ova tumors. (a) Kaplan–Meier plot of C57BL/6 mice (n = 8 per group) bearing scB16ova tumors treated with six intratumoral injections of VSV (5 × 108 PFU of VSV-GFP or VSV-CD40L) and adenovirus (1 × 109 PFU of Ad-GFP or Ad-CD40L) given 1 day apart, three times per week for 2 weeks. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (b) Histologic and immune effects of intratumoral virus injections on B16ova melanoma tumors. Subcutaneous B16ova tumors were treated with three intratumoral injections of virus on days 7, 8, and 9 after tumor inoculation. Tumors were harvested on days 10 and 16, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and processed for H&E staining. The degree of cell death (areas bounded by arrows) and immune infiltration (asterisks) were scored independently by a blinded pathologist. Photos are representative of three tumors per treatment group.