Table 5.
Odds ratios from logistic regression analyses (binary and multinomial) examining associations of family functioning with children's self-reported alcohol consumption (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)
| Ever tried alcohol (n = 4977) | Frequent drinker (n = 3651) | Ever been seriously drunk (n = 3594) | Drunk alcohol in past 4 weeks (n = 3697) | Binge drunk in last 4 weeks (n = 3687) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-2 times | More than twice | 1-2 times | More than twice | ||||
| Univariable associations | |||||||
| Family closeness | 0.51*** (0.46 to 0.56) |
0.49*** (0.44 to 0.54) |
0.54*** (0.49 to 0.59) |
0.73*** (0.65 to 0.82) |
0.48*** (0.43 to 0.54) |
0.60*** (0.54 to 0.67) |
0.45*** (0.40 to 0.51) |
| Parental monitoring | 0.16*** (0.14 0.19) |
0.19*** (0.16 to 0.23) |
0.22*** (0.19 to 0.25) |
0.32*** (0.27 to 0.38) |
0.11*** (0.09 to 0.13) |
0.24*** (0.20 to 0.28) |
0.11*** (0.09 to 0.13) |
| Family conflict | 1.63*** (1.50 to 1.78) |
1.42*** (1.29 to 1.57) |
1.38*** (1.27 to 1.50) |
1.28** (1.16 to 1.40) |
1.51*** (1.36 to 1.67) |
1.24*** (1.12 to 1.36) |
1.40*** (1.25 to 1.57) |
| Family violence | 1.46*** (1.26 to 1.69) |
1.70*** (1.49 to 1.94) |
1.42*** (1.26 to 1.60) |
1.20* (1.03 to 1.40) |
1.57*** (1.37 to 1.85) |
1.34*** (1.16 to 1.55) |
1.77*** (1.53 to 2.06) |
| Parental attitudes to substance misuse | 4.68*** (3.35 to 6.54) |
4.47*** (3.70 to 5.41) |
4.12*** (3.34 to 5.07) |
2.83*** (2.06 to 3.90) |
8.30*** (6.06 to 11.35) |
5.92*** (4.58 to 7.64) |
10.85*** (8.32 to 14.14) |
| Parental attitudes - alcohol petty crime | 4.50*** (3.77 to 5.38) |
3.60*** (3.08 to 4.20) |
2.98*** (2.60 to 3.42) |
2.21*** (1.86 to 2.62) |
4.80*** (4.00 to 5.76) |
3.01*** (2.56 to 3.53) |
5.41*** (4.50 to 6.50) |
| Brothers or sisters drank frequently | 5.59*** (4.56 to 6.85) |
2.94*** (2.48 to 3.47) |
2.64*** (2.30 to 3.04) |
1.89*** (1.60 to 2.24) |
3.78*** (3.16 to 4.51) |
2.76*** (2.35 to 3.24) |
3.31*** (2.74 to 3.01) |
| Family member substance problem | 3.15*** (2.48 to 4.00) |
2.43*** (2.01 to 2.93) |
2.61*** (2.21 to 3.10) |
1.32* (1.07 to 1.62) |
2.21*** (1.79 to 2.73) |
1.81*** (1.51 to 2.24) |
2.77*** (2.23 to 3.43) |
| Multivariate analysis - Protective factors | |||||||
| Family closeness | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) |
0.86* (0.75 to 0.98) |
0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) |
1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) |
1.06 (0.91 to 1.22) |
0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) |
0.97 (0.82 to 1.14) |
| Parental monitoring | 0.23*** (0.19 to 0.28) |
0.27*** (0.22 to 0.33) |
0.31*** (0.26 to 0.37) |
0.35*** (0.28 to 0.43) |
0.16*** (0.12 to 0.20) |
0.29*** (0.24 to 0.36) |
0.15*** (0.12 to 0.19) |
| Multivariate analysis - Parental monitoring and risk factors | |||||||
| Parental monitoring | 0.38*** (0.31 to 0.46) |
0.41*** (0.33 to 0.52) |
0.41*** (0.34 to 0.50) |
0.45*** (0.36 to 0.55) |
0.25*** (0.20 to 0.32) |
0.43*** (0.35 to 0.53) |
0.26*** (0.20 to 0.34) |
| Family conflict | 1.27*** (1.14 to 1.41) |
0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) |
1.04 (0.94 to 1.16) |
1.14* (1.02 to 1.27) |
1.07 (0.94 to 1.22) |
0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) |
0.84* (0.72 to 0.98) |
| Family violence | .90 (0.76 to 1.07) |
1.12 (0.94 to 1.31) |
0.97 (0.82 to 1.13) |
0.93 (0.78 to 1.11) |
0.94 (0.77 to 1.15) |
1.02 (0.83 to 1.22) |
1.14 (0.92 to 1.40) |
| Parental attitudes to substance misuse | 0.79 (0.58 to 1.08) |
1.94*** (1.56 to 2.42) |
1.52*** (1.20 to 1.91) |
1.20 (0.86 to 1.68) |
2.15*** (1.54 to 3.01) |
2.26*** (1.70 to 2.99) |
3.05*** (2.27 to 4.11) |
| Parental attitudes - alcohol petty crime | 1.67*** (1.34 to 2.09) |
1.30* (1.05 to 1.61) |
1.27** (1.05 to 1.54) |
1.27** (1.03 to 1.57) |
1.30** (1.02 to 1.65) |
1.44** (1.17 to 1.77) |
1.54** (1.20 to 1.99) |
| Brothers or sisters drank frequently | 3.14*** (2.53 to 3.91) |
1.87** (1.55 to 2.26) |
1.69*** (1.44 to 1.98) |
1.49*** (1.24 to 1.78) |
2.32** (1.84 to 2.76) |
1.97*** (1.65 to 2.36) |
2.02*** (1.61 to 2.53) |
| Family member with substance problem | 1.72*** (1.32 to 2.24) |
1.33*** (1.06 to 1.67) |
1.73*** (1.43 to 2.14) |
0.97 (0.77 to 1.22) |
1.06 (0.82 to 1.37) |
1.25 (0.99 to 1.56) |
1.43** (1.10 to 1.88) |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.32 | ||