Table 2. Cancer mortality by country of birth for all ethnic groups and South Asians only, by sex and selected cancer sites, in England and Wales, 1993–2003a: no. of deaths, standardised mortality ratiosb (0–74 years).

					South Asian ethnic group
	All ethnic groups born in				First generation																Second generation
Country of birth	India, Pakistan or Bangladesh				India, Pakistan or Bangladesh				India				Pakistan				Bangladesh				United Kingdom
Malignancy	Deaths	SMR	95% CI		Deaths	SMR	95% CI		Deaths	SMR	95% CI		Deaths	SMR	95% CI		Deaths	SMR	95% CI		Deaths	SMR	95% CI
Men
All neoplasms	7632	0.62	0.60	0.63	4793	0.51	0.49	0.52	2475	0.40	0.39	0.42	1484	0.63	0.60	0.67	835	0.88	0.82	0.94	332	0.43	0.39	0.48
Oral	210	0.95	0.83	1.09	146	0.85	0.72	0.99	82	0.91	0.73	1.13	35	0.88	0.64	1.23	29	1.74	1.21	2.50	7	0.83	0.40	1.71
Oesophagus	303	0.41	0.37	0.46	158	0.28	0.24	0.32	103	0.28	0.23	0.34	32	0.22	0.16	0.32	23	0.39	0.26	0.58	4	0.13	0.05	0.33
Stomach	345	0.57	0.51	0.63	207	0.45	0.39	0.51	80	0.26	0.21	0.33	72	0.64	0.51	0.81	55	1.22	0.94	1.59	6	0.20	0.09	0.44
Colorectal	626	0.48	0.44	0.51	327	0.33	0.29	0.36	204	0.31	0.27	0.35	82	0.33	0.26	0.41	41	0.41	0.30	0.55	6	0.10	0.04	0.21
Liver	488	1.91	1.75	2.09	400	2.04	1.85	2.25	169	1.54	1.33	1.79	107	2.43	2.01	2.94	124	6.90	5.79	8.22	9	0.65	0.34	1.25
Gall bladder	35	1.17	0.84	1.63	29	1.28	0.89	1.84	10	0.66	0.36	1.22	9	1.67	0.88	3.17	10	4.66	2.53	8.57	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pancreas	380	0.70	0.63	0.77	228	0.54	0.48	0.62	131	0.48	0.41	0.58	65	0.62	0.48	0.78	32	0.73	0.52	1.03	4	0.17	0.07	0.44
Larynx	99	0.87	0.72	1.06	64	0.73	0.57	0.94	41	0.74	0.54	1.00	14	0.62	0.37	1.05	9	0.98	0.52	1.85	1	0.22	0.04	1.23
Lung	1700	0.53	0.51	0.56	1085	0.45	0.42	0.47	458	0.29	0.26	0.32	355	0.60	0.54	0.66	272	1.10	0.98	1.24	22	0.16	0.11	0.25
Connective tissue	52	0.84	0.64	1.10	35	0.71	0.51	0.98	19	0.65	0.42	1.02	11	0.76	0.42	1.36	5	0.80	0.34	1.87	11	0.73	0.41	1.30
Prostate	785	0.62	0.58	0.67	399	0.43	0.39	0.48	264	0.41	0.36	0.46	118	0.58	0.49	0.70	17	0.24	0.15	0.38	6	0.08	0.04	0.18
Bladder	208	0.46	0.40	0.53	119	0.35	0.29	0.42	73	0.31	0.31	0.25	33	0.42	0.42	0.30	13	0.43	0.25	0.74	2	0.08	0.08	0.02
Kidney	194	0.57	0.50	0.66	126	0.48	0.40	0.57	65	0.95	0.95	0.75	47	1.69	1.69	1.27	14	1.20	0.72	2.02	5	0.81	0.35	1.91
Brain	212	0.57	0.50	0.65	155	0.52	0.44	0.61	82	0.38	0.38	0.30	55	0.53	0.53	0.41	18	0.41	0.26	0.65	53	0.77	0.59	1.01
Thyroid	18	1.01	0.64	1.60	15	1.09	0.66	1.80	7	0.80	0.80	0.39	6	1.71	1.71	0.78	2	1.42	0.39	5.18	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
Hodgkin's disease	45	1.46	1.09	1.96	34	1.36	0.97	1.90	17	1.22	0.76	1.96	12	1.56	0.89	2.73	5	1.49	0.64	3.49	9	1.23	1.23	0.65
NHL	415	1.02	0.93	1.12	309	0.98	0.87	1.09	155	0.78	0.78	0.67	130	1.56	1.56	1.32	24	0.69	0.47	1.03	29	0.84	0.58	1.20
Myeloma	168	0.83	0.72	0.97	112	0.73	0.61	0.88	62	0.63	0.63	0.49	39	1.05	1.05	0.77	10	0.69	0.38	1.26	1	0.12	0.02	0.64
Leukaemia	328	0.89	0.79	0.99	234	0.82	0.72	0.93	129	0.73	0.61	0.86	79	1.06	0.85	1.32	26	0.83	0.57	1.21	96	1.31	1.07	1.60
Women
All neoplasms	6266	0.71	0.69	0.72	3579	0.56	0.54	0.57	2212	0.50	0.48	0.52	1022	0.68	0.64	0.72	345	0.73	0.66	0.82	232	0.36	0.32	0.41
Oral	160	1.92	1.64	2.24	118	1.90	1.59	2.28	70	2.04	1.61	2.58	23	1.87	1.24	2.82	25	6.55	4.45	9.65	7	1.64	0.79	3.43
Oesophagus	206	0.76	0.66	0.87	135	0.72	0.61	0.85	92	0.68	0.55	0.83	13	0.32	0.19	0.55	30	2.64	1.85	3.77	1	0.06	0.01	0.36
Stomach	179	0.72	0.62	0.83	106	0.62	0.51	0.74	55	0.44	0.34	0.58	33	0.88	0.62	1.23	18	1.71	1.08	2.70	5	0.31	0.13	0.72
Colorectal	450	0.56	0.51	0.61	171	0.30	0.26	0.35	107	0.26	0.22	0.32	49	0.38	0.29	0.51	15	0.41	0.25	0.68	6	0.12	0.05	0.26
Liver	210	1.62	1.41	1.85	172	1.87	1.61	2.17	92	1.67	1.36	2.05	54	3.08	2.37	4.02	26	4.78	3.25	7.03	3	0.33	0.11	0.97
Gall bladder	132	3.20	2.70	3.79	110	3.80	3.15	4.58	68	3.27	2.58	4.15	27	4.26	2.93	6.20	15	8.25	5.00	13.61	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pancreas	306	0.77	0.69	0.86	162	0.58	0.49	0.67	88	0.44	0.35	0.54	59	0.96	0.74	1.24	15	0.84	0.51	1.39	4	0.18	0.07	0.47
Larynx	16	0.78	0.48	1.27	13	0.89	0.52	1.51	7	0.68	0.33	1.39	3	0.90	0.31	2.66	3	2.99	1.02	8.80	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
Lung	647	0.41	0.38	0.44	243	0.21	0.19	0.24	147	0.18	0.15	0.21	68	0.27	0.21	0.34	29	0.38	0.27	0.55	6	0.08	0.04	0.17
Connective tissue	37	0.74	0.54	1.02	28	0.72	0.50	1.04	16	0.65	0.40	1.06	9	0.86	0.45	1.63	3	0.76	0.26	2.23	5	0.46	0.20	1.08
Breast	1263	0.72	0.68	0.76	718	0.54	0.50	0.58	460	0.52	0.48	0.57	224	0.67	0.59	0.76	34	0.31	0.22	0.43	42	0.41	0.30	0.55
Uterus	157	0.88	0.75	1.02	89	0.70	0.57	0.86	63	0.69	0.54	0.89	23	0.82	0.55	1.22	3	0.36	0.12	1.05	1	0.11	0.02	0.60
Cervix	141	0.75	0.64	0.89	112	0.76	0.63	0.91	77	0.83	0.67	1.04	26	0.63	0.43	0.92	9	0.62	0.32	1.17	3	0.17	0.06	0.49
Ovary	425	0.68	0.62	0.75	250	0.54	0.47	0.61	159	0.50	0.43	0.59	68	0.61	0.48	0.77	23	0.64	0.42	0.96	8	0.25	0.12	0.49
Bladder	89	0.55	0.45	0.68	27	0.25	0.17	0.36	18	0.22	0.14	0.35	7	0.31	0.15	0.63	2	0.33	0.09	1.21	2	0.19	0.05	0.68
Kidney	98	0.65	0.53	0.79	46	0.43	0.32	0.57	29	0.93	0.65	1.34	14	1.38	0.82	2.31	3	0.97	0.33	2.83	8	2.08	1.06	4.10
Brain	134	0.62	0.53	0.74	102	0.61	0.50	0.74	63	0.44	0.34	0.56	30	0.52	0.37	0.75	9	0.44	0.23	0.84	20	0.36	0.23	0.55
Thyroid	36	1.58	1.14	2.18	23	1.44	0.96	2.16	14	1.24	0.74	2.08	6	1.71	0.78	3.73	3	2.91	0.99	8.55	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
Hodgkin's disease	20	0.97	0.63	1.50	13	0.77	0.45	1.33	7	0.76	0.38	1.55	5	1.09	0.48	2.50	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	7	1.48	0.73	3.01
NHL	282	1.08	0.96	1.22	175	0.93	0.80	1.07	109	0.83	0.69	1.01	58	1.31	1.01	1.70	8	0.57	0.29	1.13	14	0.62	0.37	1.03
Myeloma	143	1.04	0.88	1.22	94	0.98	0.80	1.19	57	0.82	0.63	1.06	30	1.46	1.02	2.07	7	1.21	0.59	2.48	1	0.14	0.03	0.77
Leukaemia	206	0.91	0.79	1.04	138	0.83	0.70	0.98	79	0.71	0.57	0.89	50	1.22	0.92	1.61	9	0.66	0.35	1.24	51	0.95	0.72	1.25

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; NHL=non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; SMR=standardised mortality ratio.

^aSMRs for the periods 1993–96, 1997–2000 and 2001–03 are presented in the Supplementary web table.

^bObserved number of deaths in under 75 year olds only. Expected number of deaths based on cancer specific/all neoplasm death rates in non-South Asians in 2001 in England and Wales.