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. 2010 Apr 27;102(9):1391–1396. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605655

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Copyright © 2010 Cancer Research UK

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Hypothetical carcinogenesis model for invasive ductal carcinoma–ductal carcinoma in situ (IDC-DCIS) vs pure IDC. In this model, IDC-DCIS – intrinsically less aggressive as reflected by lower Ki-67 expression and less nodal involvement – develops stepwise from normal breast epithelium via DCIS, through acquiring minor sequential genetic dysfunctions each time, whereas pure IDC develops de novo due to major genetic event(s).