Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of the DCCT/EDIC and EDC Cohorts.
| Conventional |
Intensive |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DCCT |
EDIC |
EDC |
DCCT |
EDIC |
|||||
| Characteristic | Baseline (1983-1989) (n=730) |
Closeout (1993) (n=723) |
Year 12 (2005) (n=606) |
Baseline (1986-1988) (n=161) |
Year 10 (1996) (n=105) |
Year 18 (2006) (n=88) |
Baseline (1983-1989) (n=711) |
Closeout (1993) (n=698) |
Year 12 (2005) (n=620) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 27 (7) | 33 (7) | 46 (7) | 20 (4) | 31 (4) | 40 (4) | 27 (7) | 34 (7) | 46 (7) |
| Duration, mean (SD), y | 5 (4) | 12 (5) | 24 (5) | 11 (2) | 21 (2) | 30 (2) | 6 (4) | 12 (5) | 25 (5) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24 (3) | 25 (3) | 28 (5) | 24 (3) | 26 (4) | 28 (5) | 23 (3) | 27 (4) | 28 (5) |
| BMI ≥30, % | 2 | 6 | 28 | 3 | 1 | 27 | 1 | 19 | 31 |
| Current smoker, % | 18 | 20 | 12 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 19 | 20 | 15 |
| HbA1c, % (SD) | 8.9 (1.6) | 9.1 (1.5) | 7.7 (1.2) | 9.0 (1.7) | 8.5 (1.4) | 8.3 (1.8) | 8.9 (1.6) | 7.4 (1.1) | 7.8 (1.2) |
| Proliferative retinopathy, %a | 0b | 24b | 40b | ||||||
| 1 Prevention | 0 | 0.6 | 12.7 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0.6 | 4.4 |
| 2 Intervention | 0 | 12.7 | 37.3 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 4.2 | 13.2 |
| Renal | |||||||||
| AER, mg/24 hc | 12 (7-19) | 10 (6-20) | 10 (6-20) | 14 (9-26) | 14 (7-51) | 11 (7-34) | 12 (7-17) | 9 (6-14) | 10 (6-17) |
| ≥40 mg/24 h, % | 5 | 13 | 15 | 19 | 29 | 25 | 5 | 7 | 11 |
| ≥300 mg/24 h, % | 0 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Serum creatinine ≥2 mg/dL, % | 0 | 0.3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dialysis/transplant, % | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Medications, % | |||||||||
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | NA | NA | 45 | 1 | 15 | 42 | NA | NA | 42 |
| >14 Aspirin per mo | NA | NA | 43 | 0 | 0 | 25 | NA | NA | 40 |
| β-Blocker | NA | NA | 7 | 1 | 0 | 5 | NA | NA | 4 |
| Statin | NA | NA | 36 | 1 | 2 | 32 | NA | NA | 38 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AER, albumin excretion rate; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial; EDC, Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Experience; EDIC, Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NA, not applicable.
SI conversion factors: To convert creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4; HbA1c to a proportion of 1, multiply by 0.01.
a
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy or worse.
b
The EDC participants were not stratified by prevention cohort.
c
Median (first quartile–third quartile).