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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Learn Disabil. 2010 Mar–Apr;43(2):139–153. doi: 10.1177/0022219409359344

Table 2.

Means, Standard Deviations, and Reliability Estimates for Tests for NES (n = 218) and ESOL Participants (n = 153), and Test Statistics for NES and ESOL Mean Test Score Comparisons

English speaking status
 NES and ESOL
NES
 ESOL
 differences
Measures M SD reliability M SD reliability F Effect size
PPVT 134.06 18.01 .95d 94.07 31.99 .98d 234.75*** .39
BNT 35.78 7.27 .89d 19.31 8.84 .92d 385.38*** .51
WJ Passage Comprehension 25.97 4.19 .77d 19.20 3.85 .79d 251.38*** .41
GORT Comprehension 24.76 9.73 .58e 19.78 9.48 .55e 24.05*** .06
WJ Letter-Word Identification 49.41 4.46 c .75d 50.94 4.59 c .69d 10.37** .03
Sight Word Reading Test 28.57 7.51 .87d 20.88 7.19 .86d 97.67*** .21
TOWRE Sight Word 64.06 11.32 .84e 62.41 10.99 .75e 1.96 .01
WJ Reading Fluency 38.45 9.47 .82e 31.54 9.93 .83e 46.10*** .11
GORT Fluency 43.88 12.86 .65e 38.22 11.93 .74e 18.46*** .05
CTOPP Rapid Letter Naming Ratea .032 .008 .83e .031 .007 .72e 3.90* .01
CTOPP Rapid Color Naming Ratea .020 .005 .79e .017 .004 .77e 26.13*** .07
TOWRE Phonemic Decoding 16.81 10.71 .79e 32.50 11.03 .77e 188.37*** .34
WJ Word Attack 12.56 6.17 .89d 17.72 5.78 .83d 66.05*** .15
CTOPP Elision 6.25 2.47 .80d 7.17 4.61 .92d 6.13* .02
CTOPP Elision Square Rootb 2.65 .46 na 2.73 .84 na 1.39 .004
CTOPP Blending Words 5.53 3.05 .84d 7.29 4.32 .88d 21.05*** .05

Note. PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Third Edition; BNT = Boston Naming Test; WJ = Woodcock Johnson-III: Tests of Achievement; TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency; GORT = Gray Oral Reading Tests – Fourth Edition; CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; na = not applicable.

a

Rate score is the inverse of the raw time score. This transformation results in higher scores that indicate better performance.

b

The transformation is the square root of the sum of the CTOPP Elision raw score and 1. This transformation improves normality for the NES participants.

c

Range is limited on this test as all participants read from the third through fifth grade level according to this assessment.

d

Reliability coefficient computed was Cronbach's alpha.

e

Reliability coefficient was test retest for 108 NES participants and 88 ESOL participants with approximately 4 months between testing points.

*

p < .05

**

p < .01

***

p < .001