Table 1.
Teratogenic actions of cannabinoid/vanilloid receptor ligands on development of echinoderm embryos/larvae
| Substance | Source | Pharmacological activity | Dose μm | Effects | Rescue compounds | Species |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anandamide | VVBb | type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid and vanilloid (TrpV1) receptor agonist | 10-50 | disturbs development from the late blastula stage | AM-251, AM-630, ACPA, AA-EGb | 1 (35) |
| AA-EG (AEA) | NIDA drug supply | (AEA), arvanil, AM-404, VDM-11, SR141716A, AA-5-HT | 2 (10) | |||
| 5 (6) | ||||||
| 6 (2) | ||||||
| CP55940 | Sigma | cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptor agonist | ≥ 1-2 | disturbs development from the first cleavage divisions | AA-EGb (AEA), AM-251, SR141716A, AA-5-HTb, AA-Tyrb | 1 (5) |
| Tocris | 2 (15) | |||||
| NIDA drug supply | 3 (2) | |||||
| 4 (6) | ||||||
| 5 (9) | ||||||
| WIN55212-2 | Sigma | cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptor agonist | 20-40 | disturbs development after onset of gastrulation | AM-404, arvanil | 1 (2) |
| AM-630 | Tocris | type 2 cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist | ≥1-2 | disturbs development from the first cleavage divisions | AEA, AM-251, AA-EGb (AEA), ACPA, arvanil, AA-DAb | 1 (11) |
| 2 (2) | ||||||
| Capsazepine | Tocris | vanilloid (TrpV1) antagonist | ≥2.5 | disturbs development from the first cleavage divisions | not known; VR agonists did not protect | 1 (4) |
| 2 (9) | ||||||
| SB366791 | Sigma | vanilloid (TrpV1) antagonist | ≥1 | disturbs development from the blastula stage | AM-251, AM-630, AM-404, arvanil, AA-5-HTb, AA-DAb, forskolin | 2 (11) |
AEA (AA-EG). Species: sea urchins: 1 = Lytechinus variegatus; 2 = Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis; 3 = Strongylocentrotus purpuratus; 4 = Den-draster excentricus; starfish = 5. Pisaster ochraceus; 6 = Evasterias troschelii. Number of experiments are given in parentheses.
a
From commercial sources.
b
Synthesized in the laboratory of V.V. Bezuglov (Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia).