Table 1.
Selected baseline descriptive, dietary intake, and metabolic/physiologic parameters in the random sample of WHI Observational Study participants with analyzed blood samples at baseline
| Variables | All participants (n = 878) |
Race/ethnicity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (n = 647) |
Black (n = 104) |
Hispanic (n = 127) |
P for difference* |
||
| Descriptive | |||||
| Age (y) | 63.8 ± 7.3 | 64.4 ± 7.3 | 63.0 ± 7.4 | 61.6 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 5.2 | 26.2 ± 4.7 | 29.9 ± 4.7 | 27.9 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity‡ (episodes/wk) | 5.2 ± 4.2 | 5.3 ± 4.3 | 4.3 ± 3.7 | 5.4 ± 4.5 | 0.050 |
| Current smoking (%) | 5.1 | 4.5 | 8.8 | 5.7 | 0.184 |
| Current alcohol user (%) | 39.1 | 44.0 | 18.6 | 31.0 | <0.001 |
| Dietary | |||||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1531 ± 672 | 1571 ± 635 | 1326 ± 766 | 1498 ± 743 | 0.002 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 80.8 ± 75.9 | 184.5 ± 70.3 | 160.0 ± 84.2 | 179.1 ± 92.5 | 0.009 |
| GI | 52.3 ± 3.6 | 52.2 ± 3.4 | 53.3 ± 4.2 | 52.3 ± 3.8 | 0.011 |
| GL | 94.8 ± 41.0 | 96.5 ± 38.2 | 85.4 ± 46.0 | 93.5 ± 49.2 | 0.034 |
| Metabolic/physiologic | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 218.1 ± 35.8 | 218.4 ± 35.6 | 216.5 ± 34.6 | 217.6 ± 38.1 | 0.866 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 125.5 ± 33.8 | 124.5 ± 33.6 | 129.8 ± 33.0 | 127.0 ± 35.1 | 0.287 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 64.3 ± 17.1 | 65.1 ± 17.1 | 64.6 ± 17.7 | 59.9 ± 16.3 | 0.007 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 141.9 ± 76.5 | 143.6 ± 73.9 | 112.3 ± 66.2 | 157.7 ± 90.6 | <0.001§ |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 91.2 ± 9.4 | 90.9 ± 8.9 | 93.3 ± 11.5 | 91.3 ± 9.9 | 0.355§ |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 9.8 ± 5.1 | 9.2 ± 4.6 | 11.8 ± 6.1 | 11.3 ± 6.1 | <0.001§ |
| HOMA-IR | 2.24 ± 1.27 | 2.09 ± 1.12 | 2.77 ± 1.53 | 2.60 ± 1.54 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 127.2 ± 17.4 | 126.8 ± 17.4 | 129.8 ± 17.7 | 126.9 ± 17.4 | 0.268 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 75.1 ± 9.0 | 74.6 ± 8.9 | 78.6 ± 9.1 | 74.6 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; WHI, Women's Health Initiative
*
Analysis of variance.
†
Values are means ± SDs, except where noted.
‡
Includes walking, mild, moderate, and strenuous physical activity.
§
Due to extreme skewness, tests were performed using the Kruskal Wallis test.