Table 4.
Mean CVD risk factor values by quartile of GL; stratified by BMI*
| Variables | BMI | Quartile of dietary GL | P for trend‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (50.4†) (n = 220) |
2 (78.7) (n = 219) |
3 (100.4) (n = 219) |
4 (149.5) (n = 220) |
|||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | Normal§ | 219.7 | 212.2 | 216.6 | 219.6 | 0.926 |
| Overweight‖ | 215.4 | 221.7 | 222.1 | 234.6 | 0.059 | |
| Obese¶ | 205.9 | 223.3 | 216.1 | 226.0 | 0.147 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Normal | 122.9 | 120.1 | 124.4 | 125.3 | 0.654 |
| Overweight | 126.9 | 131.9 | 131.5 | 139.5 | 0.214 | |
| Obese | 116.4 | 136.7 | 125.8 | 138.9 | 0.106 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Normal | 71.2 | 69.8 | 66.6 | 63.2 | 0.036 |
| Overweight | 66.0 | 66.1 | 62.4 | 58.3 | 0.067 | |
| Obese | 61.5 | 57.1 | 60.0 | 56.2 | 0.422 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Normal | 113.2 | 103.8 | 112.6 | 133.6 | 0.172# |
| Overweight | 111.8 | 114.6 | 129.5 | 154.6 | 0.004# | |
| Obese | 132.8 | 128.5 | 135.6 | 140.2 | 0.623# | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | Normal | 87.9 | 88.4 | 89.0 | 88.4 | 0.664# |
| Overweight | 92.8 | 92.6 | 91.0 | 89.9 | 0.185# | |
| Obese | 96.7 | 94.4 | 94.0 | 93.3 | 0.255# | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | Normal | 7.5 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 0.637# |
| Overweight | 10.4 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 8.6 | 0.135# | |
| Obese | 11.4 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 9.7 | 0.539# | |
| HOMA-IR | Normal | 1.88 | 1.97 | 2.11 | 2.04 | 0.391 |
| Overweight | 2.67 | 2.57 | 2.44 | 2.21 | 0.130 | |
| Obese | 3.03 | 3.30 | 3.37 | 2.59 | 0.610 | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | Normal | 123.6 | 121.8 | 122.9 | 125.0 | 0.744 |
| Overweight | 131.7 | 130.6 | 127.6 | 125.3 | 0.121 | |
| Obese | 134.1 | 132.5 | 132.3 | 130.0 | 0.441 | |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | Normal | 73.8 | 74.7 | 73.4 | 74.5 | 0.961 |
| Overweight | 76.8 | 76.5 | 75.2 | 75.1 | 0.350 | |
| Obese | 77.3 | 76.8 | 78.4 | 78.5 | 0.581 | |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GL, glycemic load; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein
*
Results adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, energy, smoking, alcohol, and physical activity.
†
Mean value for quartile.
‡
Variable added last test, linear regression.
§
BMI <25.0 kg/m2.
‖
BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2.
¶
BMI >29.9 kg/m2.
#
P-values based upon log-transformed outcomes. Values presented in the rows have been transformed back to original units.