Table 1.
Characteristics of GROW study participants (N = 664) by race/ethnicity
| Total sample (N = 664, %) | Whites (n = 260, %) | Asian Pacific Islanders (n = 185, %) | African Americans (n = 66, %) | Latino (n = 105, %) | Mixed and other (n = 48, %) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D score), mean ± SD | 9.09 ± 8.61 | 8.38 ± 8.09 | 9.03 ± 8.39 | 10.70 ± 9.19 | 9.64 ± 8.96 | 9.85 ± 10.41 | .30 |
| General social stress, mean ± SD | 8.40 ± 3.00 | 8.24 ± 3.05 | 8.75 ± 2.94 | 8.62 ± 3.09 | 7.93 ± 2.68 | 8.67 ± 3.36 | .16 |
| Case | 25.0 | 23.5 | 24.3 | 30.3 | 25.7 | 27.1 | .83 |
| Control | 75.0 | 76.5 | 75.7 | 69.7 | 76.5 | 72.9 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Men | 29.1 | 27.3 | 27.6 | 30.3 | 34.3 | 31.2 | .71 |
| Women | 70.9 | 72.7 | 72.4 | 69.7 | 65.7 | 68.8 | |
| Age in years | |||||||
| 22–35 | 19.9 | 17.7 | 22.7 | 19.7 | 18.0 | 25.0 | .20 |
| 36–45 | 24.2 | 23.8 | 21.1 | 31.8 | 24.8 | 27.1 | |
| 45–55 | 39.8 | 39.6 | 44.3 | 25.8 | 41.0 | 39.6 | |
| ≥56 | 16.1 | 18.8 | 11.9 | 22.7 | 16.2 | 8.3 | |
| Annual household income | |||||||
| ≤$39,999 | 13.2 | 7.8 | 13.1 | 27.0 | 16.7 | 17.0 | <.001 |
| $40–59,999 | 22.5 | 19.8 | 16.4 | 33.3 | 31.4 | 27.7 | |
| $60–79,999 | 21.1 | 19.0 | 24.0 | 27.0 | 17.6 | 21.3 | |
| $80–119,999 | 28.2 | 32.9 | 27.9 | 9.5 | 28.4 | 27.7 | |
| ≥$120,000 | 15.0 | 20.5 | 18.6 | 3.2 | 5.9 | 6.4 | |
| Education | |||||||
| ≤High school graduate | 5.5 | 0.4 | 5.5 | 20.0 | 9.5 | 4.3 | <.001 |
| Some college | 16.7 | 8.0 | 15.3 | 30.8 | 23.8 | 34.0 | |
| Associate degree | 20.0 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 26.2 | 33.3 | 17.0 | |
| College graduate | 38.8 | 45.4 | 45.9 | 18.5 | 24.8 | 34.1 | |
| Graduate degree | 19.1 | 30.0 | 16.9 | 4.6 | 8.6 | 10.6 | |
| Occupational category | |||||||
| Administrators | 11.1 | 17.3 | 9.7 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 4.2 | <.001 |
| Nurses | 37.0 | 51.2 | 35.7 | 24.2 | 19.0 | 22.9 | |
| Other clinical | 14.0 | 10.8 | 15.1 | 13.6 | 19.0 | 16.7 | |
| Technical | 8.7 | 8.1 | 11.4 | 1.5 | 10.5 | 6.2 | |
| Clerical | 20.9 | 9.6 | 20.5 | 37.9 | 28.6 | 43.8 | |
| Support | 8.3 | 3.0 | 7.6 | 18.2 | 17.2 | 6.2 | |
| Country of birth | |||||||
| US-born | 63.1 | 87.7 | 24.3 | 92.4 | 66.3 | 81.2 | <.001 |
| Foreign-born | 36.9 | 12.3 | 75.7 | 7.6 | 38.7 | 18.8 | |
| Job strain | |||||||
| High | 25.0 | 25.8 | 27.7 | 33.3 | 16.6 | 29.2 | |
| Low | 75.0 | 74.2 | 72.3 | 66.7 | 83.4 | 70.8 | <.05 |
| Reported workplace discrimination | |||||||
| Yes | 13.7 | 10.4 | 15.7 | 25.8 | 11.4 | 12.5 | |
| No | 86.3 | 89.6 | 84.3 | 74.2 | 88.6 | 87.5 | <.05 |
| Type of workplace discrimination | |||||||
| None | 86.9 | 89.6 | 86.5 | 74.2 | 88.6 | 87.5 | |
| One type | 5.1 | 6.2 | 3.8 | 10.6 | 2.9 | 2.1 | <.05 |
| Multiple types | 8.0 | 4.2 | 9.7 | 15.2 | 8.6 | 10.4 | |
| Frequency of workplace discrimination | |||||||
| Never | 86.3 | 89.6 | 84.3 | 74.2 | 88.6 | 87.5 | |
| Sometimes | 6.5 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 18.2 | 3.8 | 6.2 | <.01 |
| Often | 7.2 | 5.8 | 9.2 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 6.2 | |
GROW Gradients in Occupational Health in Hospital Workers Study, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Comparisons for between-group differences, based on χ2 tests for categorical variables and F-tests for continuous variables (CES-D and General Social Stress)
Bold value indicates that significant at the p < .05 level