Fig. 1.

Long-term frequency elevation (LTFE) in a weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. A: when 2 Apteronotids with similar electric organ discharge (EOD, depicted as a sine wave next to the fish) frequencies are in close proximity to one another, their EODs will constructively and destructively interfere with one another, disrupting the fish's electrolocation. To avoid this, 1 of the fish will raise its EOD frequency out of the jamming range. B: an illustration of this jamming avoidance response (JAR) and LTFE in vivo. Changes in the EOD frequency over time are shown in gray, the jamming stimulus as a dashed black line. In cases where EOD jamming is brief (<2 min), the fish will perform a short jamming avoidance response (JAR, shown in expanded box), followed by a return to baseline EOD. After a prolonged JAR (>20 min), sensorimotor adapatation (LTFE) is revealed when the jamming stimulus is removed.