Table 2.

Studies That Examined Impact of Comprehensive Prenatal Care on Birth Outcomes Among Medicaid Recipients

Reference	Study	Region	Population/location	Outcome	Services provided in addition to clinical care
29	Korenbrot et al., 1995	West	California	Reduced low birth weight risk	Social work, nutrition, and health education services
30	Homan and Korenbrot, 1998		California	Significantly better birth outcomes	Psychosocial, nutrition, and health education
31	Ricketts et al., 2005		Colorado	Significant reduction in low birth weight rate	Care coordination, nutritional, behavioral, and lifestyle risk or psychosocial services
32	Baldwin et al., 1998		Washington	Decrease in low birth weight rate among high-risk women	Nutritional and psychosocial counseling, health education, case management, and home visiting
33	Joyce, 1999	Northeast	New York City	Lower preterm birth and low birth weight rates	Risk assessment, nutritional services, health education
34	Reichman and Florio, 1996		New Jersey	Reduced low birth weight rates among blacks but not whites	HealthStart: services include early initiation of care, case coordination, more intensive care, WIC services, culturally sensitive psychological counseling, and health education
35	Reichman and Teitler, 2003		New Jersey	Improvements in birth weight	Programs that addressed nutritional needs
37	Reichman and Teitler, 2005		New Jersey	No effect on probability of low birth weight or preterm birth	HealthStart: services include early initiation of care, case coordination, more intensive care, WIC services, culturally sensitive psychological counseling, and health education
36	Pearce et al., 1996		Massachusetts	Lower low birth weight rate among Hispanic women	Culturally sensitive, comprehensive, interdisciplinary prenatal care for Hispanic women
39	Keeton et al., 2004	Midwest	Illinois	Reduced low birth weight risk	Access to prenatal care, pediatric primary care, specialty services, identification and removal of healthcare access barriers, and health education
42	Silva et al., 2006		Illinois	Lower rate of low birth weight delivery	Early recruitment, risk assessment, identification and removal of healthcare access barriers, support services, and health education
40	Cramer et al., 2007		Nebraska	Improvements in birth outcomes	Case management, health education, screening, home visits, and transportation
41	Graham et al., 1992		Ohio	No decrease in low birth weight rate	Home-based psychosocial intervention focused on nutrition, smoking and drug education, and access to community support services for high-risk low-income black women
43	Herman et al., 1996	Southeast	District of Colombia	No effect on low birth weight rates	Improved access to prenatal and WIC services, smoking cessation, alcohol and drug abuse education, and referral services
44	Buescher et al., 1991		North Carolina	Lower low birth weight and infant mortality rates	Care coordination, nutritional, psychosocial, and resource needs services
47	Schulman, 1995		South Carolina	Reduction in preterm risk was reported in women who received nutritional services	Risk assessment, medical and prenatal care, case management, nutritional assessment, social services
48	Newman et al., 2008		South Carolina	Significant reduction in rate of preterm births less than 28 weeks; there was, however, no reduction in overall frequency of preterm birth or low birth weight	Case identification early in pregnancy, telephonic risk assessment and patient education, 24-hour availability of nursing consultation, patient-centered telephonic case management for women with risk factors for preterm delivery
49	Wells et al., 2008		Maryland	Reduced risk for preterm birth but no significant association with low birth weight	Home visitation program comprising education, support, and referral services for African American women
50	Piper et al., 1996		Tennessee	No reduction in incidence of very low birth weight or preterm births	Referrals, visit scheduling, nutritional and health education, and assistance with transportation
51	Nason et al., 2003		Alabama	Improved birth outcomes in blacks but not whites	Psychological risk assessment, education, WIC services

WIC, Women, Infants and Children.