Table 1.
Factors associated with use of herbal and other natural product treatments during pregnancy among 4,866 Mothers of Nonmalformed Infants.
| Any Herbal Use (N=282) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women’s Characteristics | n | % | Crude OR [95% CI] | Adjusted OR* [95% CI] |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <20 | 8 | 2.2 | 0.39 [0.19, 0.82] | 0.52 [0.19, 1.42] |
| 20–24 | 34 | 5.2 | 0.95 [0.62, 1.46] | 0.74 [0.44, 1.26] |
| 25–29 (ref.) | 66 | 5.4 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| 30–34 | 106 | 6.2 | 1.15 [0.84, 1.58] | 1.19 [0.84, 1.68] |
| 35–39 | 53 | 6.7 | 1.24 [0.86, 1.81] | 1.34 [0.88, 2.04] |
| >=40 | 14 | 13.5 | 2.71 [1.47, 5.02] | 2.95 [1.49, 5.83] |
| BMI | ||||
| Underweight | 5 | 2.2 | 0.35 [0.14, 0.86] | 0.30 [0.11, 0.81] |
| Normal (ref.) | 184 | 6 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Overweight | 64 | 6.6 | 1.10 [0.82, 1.48] | 0.91 [0.66, 1.27] |
| Obese | 24 | 4.4 | 0.72 [0.47, 1.12] | 0.70 [0.43, 1.14] |
| Ethnic Background | ||||
| White (ref.) | 205 | 5.8 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| African origin | 15 | 4.4 | 0.74 [0.44, 1.27] | 1.16 [0.62, 2.17] |
| Other | 24 | 6.8 | 1.19 [0.77, 1.84] | 1.44 [0.87, 2.39] |
| Hispanic | 38 | 6.1 | 1.05 [0.73, 1.50] | 1.58 [0.98, 2.54] |
| Smokers | ||||
| During Pregnancy | 29 | 5.6 | 1.12 [0.74, 1.69] | 1.40 [0.85, 2.29] |
| Never (ref.) | 142 | 5 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Before Pregnancy | 111 | 7.3 | 1.48 [1.15, 1.91] | 1.31 [0.97, 1.76] |
| Education (years) | ||||
| < H.S. | 12 | 2.7 | 0.42 [0.23, 0.77] | 0.41 [0.17, 1.00] |
| Completed H.S. (ref.) | 132 | 6.2 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| More than H.S. | 138 | 6 | 0.96 [0.75, 1.22] | 0.85 [0.63, 1.17] |
| Income ($/yr) | ||||
| <10,000 | 8 | 3.4 | 0.54 [0.26, 1.12] | 0.80 [0.32, 2.05] |
| 10,000–45,000 | 65 | 5.7 | 0.92 [0.69, 1.23] | 1.03 [0.71, 1.48] |
| >45,000 (ref.) | 190 | 6.2 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Center | ||||
| Boston (ref.) | 133 | 4.5 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Philadelphia | 52 | 6.9 | 1.56 [1.12, 2.17] | 1.40 [0.95, 2.07] |
| Toronto | 56 | 9.2 | 2.14 [1.54, 2.96] | 2.13 [1.49, 3.06] |
| San Diego | 37 | 7.8 | 1.80 [1.23, 2.63] | 2.23 [1.41, 3.52] |
| New York | 4 | 6.1 | 1.37 [0.49, 3.82] | 1.11 [0.32, 3.89] |
| LMP Year | ||||
| 1997–1998 | 49 | 5.3 | 0.83 [0.55, 1.26] | 1.01 [0.62, 1.65] |
| 1999–2000 | 96 | 6.6 | 1.05 [0.73, 1.50] | 1.20 [0.77, 1.87] |
| 2001–2002 | 91 | 5.2 | 0.81 [0.56, 1.16] | 0.75 [0.49, 1.14] |
| 2003–2005 (ref.) | 46 | 6.3 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Alcohol Use | ||||
| During Pregnancy | 108 | 7.2 | 1.33 [1.02, 1.74] | 1.34 [0.82, 1.57] |
| Never (ref.) | 124 | 5.5 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Before Pregnancy | 49 | 4.5 | 0.81 [0.58, 1.13] | 0.68 [0.46, 1.01] |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married (ref.) | 215 | 6 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Other | 67 | 5.3 | 0.89 [0.67, 1.18] | 1.25 [0.84, 1.85] |
| Total Pregnancies | ||||
| 1 (ref.) | 72 | 4.8 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| 2 | 93 | 6.1 | 1.28 [0.94, 1.76] | 1.14 [0.80, 1.64] |
| 3+ | 117 | 6.4 | 1.35 [1.00, 1.82] | 1.12 [0.78, 1.60] |
| Coffee Use | ||||
| Never (ref.) | 80 | 4.4 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Ever | 197 | 6.6 | 0.65 [0.50, 0.85] | 1.11 [0.80, 1.53] |
| Decaf. Coffee Use | ||||
| Never (ref.) | 161 | 4.9 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Ever | 117 | 7.7 | 0.62 [0.49, 0.80] | 1.37 [1.02, 1.84] |
| Tea Use | ||||
| Never | 78 | 3.9 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Ever | 201 | 7.2 | 1.91 [1.46, 2.50] | 1.77 [1.30, 2.39] |
| Asthma | ||||
| No | 271 | 5.9 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 11 | 4.5 | 1.31 [0.71, 2.42] | 1.39[0.44, 4.39] |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 272 | 5.9 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 10 | 4.3 | 1.40 [0.73, 2.66] | 1.37 [0.49, 3.85] |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 258 | 5.9 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 24 | 5.1 | 1.15 [0.75, 1.77] | 177 [0.61, 5.18] |
| Herpes | ||||
| No | 278 | 5.8 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 4 | 4.5 | 1.30 [0.47, 3.56] | 1.34 [0.32, 5.55] |
| Chronic Condition | ||||
| No | 237 | 6.1 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 45 | 4.7 | 0.76 [0.55, 1.05] | 0.51 [0.17, 1.55] |
| Upper Respiratory Infection | ||||
| No | 87 | 4.4 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 195 | 6.7 | 1.55 [1.20, 2.01] | 1.41 [1.04, 1.89 |
| Fever | ||||
| No | 207 | 5.5 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 75 | 7 | 0.77 [0.58, 1.01] | 1.03 [0.76, 1.41] |
| Urinary Tract Infection | ||||
| No | 241 | 5.6 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 41 | 7.2 | 1.30 [0.92, 1.83] | 1.42 [0.96, 2.10] |
| Toxemia | ||||
| No | 275 | 5.8 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 7 | 5.1 | 0.88 [0.41, 1.90] | 0.79 [0.31, 2.01] |
| Morning Sickness | ||||
| No | 91 | 4.8 | 1.00 Reference | 1.00 Reference |
| Yes | 191 | 6.5 | 1.38 [1.07, 1.78] | 1.43 [1.07, 1.89] |