Table 1.
Characteristics of training groups
| ERP group |
fMRI group |
|||||||
| Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
|||||||
| Characteristic | All | GG-first | NC-first | P value | All | GG-first | NC-first | P value |
| N | 32 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 8 | 8 | ||
| Sex (f) | 17 | 8 | 9 | 0.98* | 13 | 5 | 8 | 0.055* |
| Risk | 14 | 8 | 6 | 0.31* | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0.59* |
| Age (y) | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 6.3 ± 0.3 | 0.18 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 0.55 |
| IQ | 114 ± 16 | 110 ± 12 | 117 ± 18 | 0.25 | 117 ± 13 | 113 ± 10 | 120 ± 16 | 0.35 |
| Education (y) | 16.7 ± 3.1 | 17 ± 2.6 | 16.4 ± 3.6 | 0.55 | 16.1 ± 2.9 | 16.4 ± 2.3 | 15.8 ± 3.6 | 0.71 |
| UC | 10 ± 7.3 | 11.2 ± 5.8 | 8.9 ± 8.4 | 0.39 | 12.1 ± 7.6 | 12.8 ± 6.7 | 11.4 ± 8.8 | 0.73 |
| LC | 5.8 ± 6.1 | 5.2 ± 5.2 | 6.3 ± 7.0 | 0.62 | 6.8 ± 6.1 | 5.6 ± 4.0 | 7.9 ± 7.7 | 0.48 |
| Reading | 0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.26 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 1.5 | 0.39 |
| Phonology | 35.3 ± 3.6 | 35.8 ± 4.2 | 34.9 ± 3.0 | 0.48 | 36.1 ± 2.9 | 36.9 ± 3.0 | 35.4 ± 2.8 | 0.31 |
| Vocabulary | 16.3 ± 3.3 | 16.3 ± 3.7 | 16.3 ± 3.1 | 0.98 | 16.4 ± 3.1 | 16.6 ± 3.6 | 16.1 ± 2.9 | 0.76 |
| ARHQ | 0.29 ± 0.10 | 0.28 ± 0.12 | 0.30 ± 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.30 ± 0.11 | 0.27 ± 0.14 | 0.34 ± 0.06 | 0.25 |
ARHQ, mean score of adult reading history questionnaire; Education, parents’ years of education; F, female; LC, knowledge of lowercase letters; Phonology, phonological awareness (sum score of four subtests of the Bielefelder screening test); Reading, number of correctly read words; Risk, children with familial risk for dyslexia; UC, knowledge of uppercase letters.
*χ2 tests.