Figure 3. Fear-induced learning employing vocalization as the operant conditioning paradigm.

(A–B) Raster plots for event markers and PSTHs of vocalization markers to show selective suppression of spontaneous echolocation by CS+ presentations. (A) Echolocation pulses are suppressed during playback of the CS+. The bat vocalized with short latency after delivery of a shock pulse at the end of the CS+. Unfilled rectangle and vertical grey bar indicates timing and duration of the stimulus. (B) The CS− did not influence the rate of echolocation.